| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Clement | 1st Century • Pastor of the church in Rome • Concerned for divisions in church in Corinth • First Clement |
| Ignatius | 1st – 2nd c) M • Bishop of Antioch • Disciple of Apostle John • Bishops (Distinguished from elders, Essential for the unity of the church) • Seven Letters (Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, Rome, Philadelphia, Smyrna, Polycarp) |
| Polycarp | (2nd c) M • Bishop of Smyrna • Disciple of Apostle John • Rebuked Marcion • Martyred under Antonius Pius - said "Eighty and six years have I served Him, and He never did me any injury; how then can I blaspheme my King and my Saviour?" • Wrote: Epistle to the Philippians |
| Irenaeus | (2nd c) • Missionary bishop (Lyon, in Gaul) • Disciple of Polycarp Relates that Polycarp was instructed by the apostles, and met many who had seen Christ • wrote Against Heresies |
| Justin | (2nd c) M • Opposed Marcion • Apologist – tried every philosophy; nothing satisfies but Christ • wrote: 1, 2 Apology; Dialogue with Trypho; Against Heresies; Against Marcion |
| Marcion | (2nd c) • Broke from the church in Rome in 140 AD • Taught a mixture of Pauline grace (misunderstood) and Gnosticism • Claimed God of the OT was a false god (Anti-Semitic) • Denies the Incarnation (no infancy narrative; docetic Jesus) • Marcion Canon (10 epistles of Paul and a "purified" Gospel of Luke; OT excluded altogether) • Marcion's heresy forced the orthodox church to articulate the limits of the canon |
| Tatian | (2nd c) • Asia's first theologian • Wrote in Syriac (helping eastward expansion) • wrote Diatessaron (c. 175 AD) |
| Tertullian | (3rd c) • First Latin theologian / Apologist • Supplies the language of the Trinity (Trinity; three persons in one substance) • Became a Montanist late in life • wrote Apology, Against Marcion; Against Praxeus; 31 total, on just about everything |
| Eusebius of Cesarea | (3rd – 4th c) • Bishop of Caesarea • "Father of Church History" • "Providential history" • "Civil religion" ("Christ of Culture") • wrote Ecclesiastical History; Life of Constantine |
| Constantine | (4th c) • Wins at the Battle of Milvian Bridge (312) "In Hoc Signo Vinces", Chi-Rho symbol • Edict of Milan (313) End of persecution of Christians • Emperor of consolidated Roman Empire (324) • Calls Council of Nicea (325) • Baptized near his death (337) |
| Athanasius | (4th c) • Key behind the scenes at Nicea, and key defender against Arianism afterward • Canon list (167 AD) |
| Chrysostom | (4th c) • Bishop of Constantinople • Great orator / exegete "Golden mouth" • Twice banished and eventually exiled |
| Jerome | (4th – 5th c) • Ascetic and scholarly monk • Private secretary of the bishop of Rome. • Translated the Scriptures into Latin from the original languages (Vulgate) |
| Pelagius | (4th – 5th c) • British-born monk who worked among the urban poor in Rome • Dismayed at moral state of the church • Opposed by Augustine |
| Pelagius' teaching | 1. We are born neutral, not sinful 2. We become sinners by sinning 3. There is the possibility within us to do good or evil 4.Therefore, goodness – even perfection – is attainable |
| Augustine | (4th – 5th c) • Spiritual Journey: Philosophy, Manicheism, Skepticism, Neo-Platonism • Converted through preaching of Ambrose, lives of Christians (Antony), "take and read" • Bishop of Hippo • Battled Donatism and Pelagianism • His works on sin, grace, and predestination laid the groundwork of the Reformation. • wrote Confessions; City of God; 91 books in all |
| Gregory the Great | (6th c) • A strong and competent civic and spiritual leader, he brought order to Rome and helped establish the idea that the Pope was the supreme authority in the church • Some consider the father of the Medieval papacy • wrote The Pastoral Rule |
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