NR222- Chapter 25
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Created by:
amberfoster4672 on May 17, 2012
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8 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 WHO Proposed Model | Collaboration with global organizations/institutions "Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative" Promote breast-feeding Nutrition needs during national emergencies Global nutrition data banks Global network of collaboration centers Specialized nutrition activities: research, training, coordination |
| Malnutrition | World Health Organization (WHO) "Bad nourishment" Inadequate or excess intake of protein, energy and micronutrients Protein-energy malnutrition most serious Widespread, fatal Most harmful to children under 5 Worldwide protein-malnutrition 1 in 2 deaths under 5 years of age 1 in 4 underweight; 1 in 3 stunted growth Wasting: weight of child <70% (or <3 standard deviations) median weight-for-height (WHO) Marasmus Severe wasting without s/s edema Marasmic-kwashiorkor Severe wasting and edema (from leaking potassium from cells and fluid electrolyte) Kwashiorkor Edema without wasting Treat severe malnutrition/comorbid infections simultaneously |
| Emerging Infections | Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-MRSA) Resistant to many antibiotics Spreads more easily, higher recurrence rates, severe systemic complications Spread by skin-to-skin contact, sharing personal items Diagnosis through culture from infection site Antibiotic therapy/sensitivity testing Meticulous hand washing and standard precautions to prevent infection spread |
| SARS | Viral respiratory illness: SARS-associated coronavirus Outbreak in 2002-2003 8,098 infected; 774 died Theorized virus evolved in animal host: not proven Spread: close person-to-person contact, respiratory droplets Symptoms include: fever, headache, body aches, dry cough followed by pneumonia |
| HIV/AIDS | 40 million infected worldwide Higher prevalence in developing countries Sub-Saharan Africa particularly hard-hit Efforts to reduce HIV transmission rates Challenges in negotiation of safe sex African cultural practices that spread HIV Ritual of sexual cleansing Promiscuity among heterosexual individuals Group circumcision Genital tattooing Helping people live with HIV |
| Tuberculosis | TB comorbidity with HIV Increased rates in sub-Saharan Africa Persistent problem especially in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America Starting tx of TB: 6 to 9 months; 4 main drugs Multidrug-resistant TB Increasing—nations with poor TB control More expensive, less favorable outcomes Factors: inappropriate treatment drug-susceptible TB and patient noncompliance WHO initiative: "Directly Observed Therapies" |
| Violence | Worldwide WHO definition: encompasses interpersonal, suicidal behavior, armed conflict 1.6 million die from violence annually WHO 4-step model Defining the problem Identifying risk/protective factors Devising/testing means for dealing with violence Applying successful means at large scale Interpersonal violence—by individual/small group Factors include: victim's low self-esteem, lack of social support, family history of violence, drug/alcohol abuse, culture and gender inequality Suicide and self-harm Factors include: age, gender, low SES, stressful life events, substance abuse, history of abuse as child, pain/physical illness, mental illness Collective violence—armed conflict 20th century: 191 million died Over half civilians; children/refugees most vulnerable |
| Bioterrorism | CDC classification: three categories Ease of spread Potential negative impact on public health Potential for public panic/social disruption Degree of public preparation needed Category A—not normal in U.S.; highest risk Examples: anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox Category B—second highest risk Examples: brucellosis, food safety threats Category C—emerging pathogens Examples: Niphah virus, hantavirus |
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