Modern Biology: Unit 10
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Created by:
Jack_Gorczyca Plus on May 18, 2012
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Chapters 45-47
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154 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Infectious disease | Diseases that are caused by agents that have invaded the body |
| Pathogen | Any agent that causes disease |
| Koch's postulates | Rules for determining the causes of diseases |
| Mucous membrane | Epithelial tissues that protect the interior surfaces of the body that may be exposed to pathogens |
| Inflammatory response | A series of events that suppress infection and speed recovery |
| Histamine | Substance that increases blood flow to the injured area and increases the permeability of surrounding capillaries |
| Phagocyte | Ingest and destroy pathogens and foreign matter |
| Neutrophil | Most abundant type of phagocyte in the body |
| Macrophage | Engulfs pathogens and cellular debris |
| Natural killer cells | Large white blood cells that attack pathogen-infected cells |
| Complement system | A system of proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and that combine with antibodies to protect against antigens |
| Interferon | A protein released by cells infected with viruses |
| Immune system | The cells and tissue that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body, provides the body's specific defenses |
| Lymphocyte | The white blood cells in the immune system |
| Thymus | Gland located above the heart, helps produce a special kind of lymphocyte |
| Spleen | The largest lymphatic organ in the body |
| B cell | Aremad in the bone marrow and complete their development there |
| T cell | Made in bone marrow but complete their development only after traveling to the thymus |
| Antigen | Any substance that the immune system can recognize and react with |
| Immune response | The reaction of the body against an antigen |
| Helper t cell | A white blood cell necessary for b cells to develop normal levels of antibodies |
| Cell-mediated immune response | An immune response that functions to defend cells against invasion by foreign cells and that depends on the action of t cells |
| Cytotoxic t cells | Reorganizes cells and destroy cells that have been infectedby the pathogen |
| Humoral immune response | Involves the action of b cells and occurs at the same time the cell-mediated immune response occurs |
| Plasma cells | Highly specialized cells that make defensive proteins called antibodies that are released into the blood |
| Antibody | Binds to a specific antigen or inactivated or destroys toxins |
| Memory cells | Lymphocytes that will not respond the first time that they meet with an antigen or invading cell but will recognize and attack that antigenor invading cell during later infections |
| Immunity | The ability to resist an infectious disease |
| Vaccination | The introduction of antigens into the body to cause immunity |
| Allergy | Physical response to an antigen |
| Asthma | A respiratory disorder that causes the bronchioles to narrow |
| Autoimmune disease | A disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells |
| AIDS | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; a disease caused by HIV |
| HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus the virus that causes AIDs |
| Opportunistic infection | An infection caused by a microorganism that normally doesn't cause disease but becomes a pathogen if the patient's immune system is weakened |
| abdominal cavity | contains organs of the digestive system |
| actin | protein that makes up thin filaments |
| appendicular skeleton | formed from the bones of the arms, legs, scapula, clavicle, and pelvis |
| axial skeleton | formed from the bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum |
| bone marrow | a soft tissue within many bones |
| cardiac muscle | found in your heart, pumps blood through your body |
| compact bone | a hard material under the periosteum |
| connective tissue | binds, supports, and protects structures in the body |
| cranial cavity | contains the brain |
| dermis | the inner layer of skin composed of living cells and specialized structures |
| diaphragm | a wall of muscle |
| epidermis | the outer layer of the skin composed of many sheets of flattened scaly epithelial cells |
| epiphyseal plate | an area near the ends of long bones where bone elongation takes place |
| epithelial tissue | consists of layers of cells that line or cover all internal and external body functions |
| exocrine glands | glands that release secretions through ducts |
| extensor | a muscle that straightens a joint, or the triceps muscle |
| fascicles | skeletal muscle fibers that are grouped into dense bundles |
| fixed joints | prevent movement, are found in the skull |
| flexor | a muscle that bends a joint, or the biceps muscle |
| fracture | the crack or break of a bone |
| Haversian canal | a narrow channel inside each cylinder of the compact bone |
| insertion | the point where muscles attach to the moving bone |
| involuntary muscles | muscles that cannot be consciously controlled |
| joint | the place where two bones meet |
| keratin | the cells of the epidermis are filled with a protein |
| ligaments | tough bands of connective tissue |
| matrix | intracellular substance that comes in large amounts |
| melanin | a brown pigment that mainly determines the color of skin |
| movable joints | all other joints in the body besides fixed and semimovable ones |
| muscle fatigue | the physiological inability of a muscle to contract |
| muscle fibers | elongated cells that make up the skeletal muscle tissue |
| muscle tissue | composed of cells that can contract in a coordinated fashion |
| myofibrils | bundles of threadlike structures in the skeletal muscle fibers |
| myosin | protein that makes up thick filaments |
| nervous tissue | contains cells that receive and transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses |
| neurons | cells that are specialized to send and receive messages throughout the body |
| oil glands | found in large numbers on the face and scalp, these release sebum |
| organ | consists of various tissues that work together to carry out a specific function |
| origin | the point where muscles attach to the stationary bone |
| ossification | the process by which cartilage is slowly replace by bone as a result of the deposition of minerals |
| osteoarthritis | a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surface of bone becomes thinner and rougher |
| osteocytes | bone cells embedded in the gaps between the protein layers |
| oxygen debt | the temporary lack of oxygen availability |
| pelvic cavity | contains organs of the reproductive and excretory systems |
| periosteum | a tough membrane on the bone's surface |
| rheumatoid arthritis | develops when the immune system begins to attack body tissues |
| sarcomere | the region from one Z line to the next |
| sebum | a fatty substance released from oil glands |
| semimovable joints | permit limited movement |
| skeletal tissue | moves the bones in your trunk, limbs, and face |
| skeleton | an internal framework with approximately 206 bones |
| smooth tissue | handles body functions that you cannot control consciously |
| spinal cavity | surrounds the spinal cord |
| spongy bone | a network of connective tissue beneath some compact bone |
| striations | light and dark stripes that cross many nuclei in the muscle fibers |
| sweat glands | the skin functions as an excretory organ by releasing excess water, salt, and urea through these |
| synovial fluid | helps protect the ends of bones from damage by friction. |
| tendon | a tough fibrous cord of connective tissue |
| thoracic cavity | contains the heart, the esophagus, and the organs of the respiratory system, its also called the upper compartment |
| voluntary muscles | muscles that can be consciously controlled |
| Z line | a structure that acts as an endpoint for actin filaments to anchor onto |
| Circulatory System | Acts as a transport system for cells. |
| Cardiovascular System | Made up of blood, heart, and blood vessels. |
| Lymphatic System | Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. |
| Epicardium | Outside layer of the heart. |
| Myocardium | Middle layer of the heart. |
| Endocardium | Inside layer of the heart. |
| Pericardium | A saclike membrane in which the heart lies. |
| Septum | A wall that divides the heart into two. |
| Right Side of the Heart | The side of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs. |
| Left Side of the Heart | The side of the heart that pumps blood to the other parts. |
| Atrium | Upper chambers of the heart. |
| Ventricles | Lower chambers of the heart. |
| Atrioventricular Valves | One-way valves between the atrium and ventricle that prevent back flow. |
| Semilunar Valves | Valves between ventricles and large vessels. |
| Arteries | Large, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| Blood Pressure | The force that blood exerts against the wall of the blood vessels. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure, the silent killer. |
| Vein | Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Supplies blood to the lungs. |
| Systemic Circulation | Supplies blood throughout the rest of the body. |
| Coronary Circulation | Supplies blood to the heart itself. |
| Atheroscherosis | Buildup of fatty material on the interior wall. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of the arteries and veins. |
| Renal Circulation | Supplies blood to the kidneys. |
| Hepatic Portal Circulation | Supplies blood to the liver. |
| Fibrillation | The muscles of the heart quiver. |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart beat. |
| Stenosis | The narrowing of a valve or opening. |
| Ischemia | The lack of blood supply to an area. |
| Infarction | Restriction of blood results in destruction of heart tissue. |
| Myocardial Infarction | A heart attack. |
| Lymph | Fluid in the lymphatic system. |
| Plasma | The liquid medium, straw colored. |
| Red Blood Cells | Transport oxygen to all the cells in the body. |
| Hemoglobin | Iron containing protein that actually transport the oxygen. |
| White Blood Cells | Help to defend the body. |
| Phagocytes | White blood cells that engulf invaders. |
| Platelets | Essential to the formation of blood clots. |
| Antigen | A protein or carbohydrate that acts as a signal, enabling the body to recognize foreign material. |
| Anemia | Deficiency in the number of Red Blood Cells or hemoglobin. |
| Hemophilia | Insufficient amount of thromboplastin. |
| Thrombosis | A blood clot which forms in a blood vessel. |
| Embolism | A blood clot which has dislodged from its point of origin. |
| Hemorrhage | Excessive loss of blood. |
| External Respiration | The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood. |
| Internal Respiration | The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body. |
| Lungs | Site of gas exchange. |
| Right Lung | The lung that has three lobes. |
| Left Lung | The lung that has two lobes. |
| Pleura | Encases the lungs, it is a membrane that secretes a mucus that decreases friction. |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | Acts as a distributer, filter, moisturizer, and warmer of the air. |
| Lower Respiratory Tract | Functions as air transport and support, also exchanges air in the lungs. |
| Inspiration | Process of taking air into the lungs. |
| Expiration | Process of removing air from the lungs. |
| Metabolism | Total of all the processes ocurring in an organism. |
| Anabolic | To build up, to synthesis. |
| Catabolic | To breakdown. |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The required energy expenditure just to maintain life's basic activities. |
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