Microbiology ch4
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Created by:
lil_debo_09 on May 18, 2012
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Prokaryotes
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 histones | proteins that DNA wraps around in eukaryotes |
| all bacteria have | -cell membrane -cytoplasm -Ribosomes 70s -at least one chromosome |
| structures found in most bacteria | -cell wall (all except one) -surface coating or glycocalyx |
| structures found in some bacteria (vary) | -flagella -pili -fimbriae -capsules -slime layers -inclusions -actin cytoskeleton -endospores |
| parts of flagella | -filament, hook (sheath), and basal body |
| filament | hair like extention made of protein on a flagella |
| monotrichous | single flagellum at one polar end of bacteria |
| lophotrichous | multiple branches or flagella at one end |
| peritrichous | multiple flagella all over cell |
| amphitrichous | multiple flagella at both polar ends |
| chemotaxis | -movement in response to a chemical stimulus -positive or negative |
| phototaxis | -movement in response to a light stimulus (sunlight) -positive of negative |
| axial filament | -chain of protein running from one side of the cell to another in the periplasmic space -only found in spirochetes |
| pili | -made of the protein pilin and used in conjugation |
| conjugation | the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined (donor and recipient must be complementary) |
| fimbriae | small bristle like fibers bacteria use to stick to each other and other surfaces (attachment) |
| glycocalyx | external coating of cell made of poylysaccharide units, protein, or both |
| slime layer | -a loose shield that protects some bacteria from loss of water and nutrients -major fuctions is attachment -secrete EPS (expopolysaccharide and become bioflim) |
| capsule | -thicker form of glycocalyx that is bound more tightly to the cell and is denser and thicker -protect from phagocytes by hiding receptors |
| cell wall | -determine shape of bacteria -provides strong structural support (pressure due to osmosis) -rigid because of peptidoglyan |
| cross links | -in gram + only (gram - have direct peptide bond) -made of tetrapeptide side chains liked together by andinterglycine bridge (TIT) |
| techoic acids | -charged acidic polysaccharide attached to the surface of the cell wall used to attract nutrients - only found in gram + |
| lipoteichoic acid/ lipoproteins | anchor cell wall to cell membrane |
| Mycoplasmas | -lack cell walls -free living -can be grown in artificial media -important medicals species = walking pneumonia |
| L-form | -when bacteria lose their cell wall -naturally frome mutation or induced artificially by treatment |
| protoplast | gram positive in L-form |
| spheroplast | gram negative in L-form |
| outer membrane | -layer in gram negative that contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins that serve as a partial chemical sieve -uppermost layer = LPS (LPS: O-antigen~LipidA~fatty acid) -innermost layer = phospholipid bilayer anchored by lipoproteins to the peptidoglycan layer with porins |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharides |
| cell membrane composition | phospholipid bilayer with carrier protiens embeded in it |
| cell membrane function | -site for energy reactiolns, nutrient proscessing, and synthesis -regulate transport -secretion |
| cell envelope can cause disease | ex: corynebacterium diphtheriae & streptococcus pygenes |
| cytoplasm | -gelatinous solution that provides cushion layer -site of biochemical and sythetic activity in prokaryote |
| nucleoid | dense area of the cell where bacterial chromosome (single circular strand of DNA) is aggregated |
| plasmids | nonessentia,l circular, self-replicating strands of DNA that give the cell some type of advantage |
| two genus with "wax" layer. compostition? | -Mycobacterium and Nocardia -lipid/wax layer of mycolic acid |
| type and function of bacteria | -70s (50s & 30s) -protein synthesis |
| inclusion bodies | -storehaouse of organic nutrient compounds (or gas) during periods of abundance |
| granules | -type of inclusion body that packe inorganic compounds |
| metachromatic granuesl | -granules of Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium that stain a contrasting color in methylene blue |
| bacterial cytoskeleton | -actin cytoskeleton: long polymers of actin arranged inhelical ribbons around the cell that contribute to cell shape |
| three genus that release spores | -Bacillus, Clostridium -Sporosarcina |
| endospore | -dormant stage of bacteria |
| sporulation | -process of spore formation |
| sporangium | -transition stage of sporulation where cortex of petidoglycan surrounds what will become the spore (protoplast) |
| germination | -the process of returing from the endospore stage back to a vegetative cell (requires germination agent and water) |
| coccus | roughly spherical |
| bacillus | rod shaped |
| coccobacillus | short and plump rods |
| vibrio | gently curved rod |
| spirillum | curviform or spiral shaped |
| pleomorphism | cells of a single species that can change shape |
| Bergey's Manual | -definitive published source for bacterial classification |
| tetrads | cluster of four cocci |
| sarcina | cubical packet of cocci |
| palisades | bacilli attached at sides |
| gracilicutes | gram negative |
| firmicute | gram positive |
| tenericutes | lack cell wall |
| menodicutes | the archae |
| 4 divisions of prokaryotes | -gracilicute,firmicutes,tenericutes,mendocicutes -based on nature of cell wall |
| species | -two like animals mate and produce a viable offspring -for bacteria: a group of organisms that share similar growth characteristics |
| subspecies | -strain or type of bacteria or the same species that have a slight difference in growth characteristics |
| serotype | -representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct patter of antibody responses in their host (interaction between antigen and antibody) |
| rickettsias | -very tiny, gram negative, obligate parasites -rocky mountain spotted fever -> Rickettsia reckettsii -Endemic typhus ->Rickettsia typhi |
| chlamydias | -obligate parasites -Chlamydia trachomatis -> severe eye infection and STD -Chlamydophila pneumonia -> lung infection |
| thylakoids | disk-shaped structures that contain photosynthetic pigments |
| cyanobacteria | -blue-green photosynthetic bacteria that contains thylakoids with chorophyll a and have gas inclusions -oxygenic |
| green and purple sulfur bacteria | -photosynthetic bacteria that contain the pigment bacteriochlorophyll -anoxygenic |
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