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Scientific Method - 6 Steps 1. Purpose 2. Research 3. Hypothesis 4. Experimentation 5. Analyze data 6.Write conclusions 3 types of sources of error 1. Human 2. Instrument 3. Purity of sample Two types of chemists Synthetic and analytical Synthetic chemists make new materials Analytical chemists test new materials Law absolute truth; predicts what will happen Theory model; explains why something happens Chemistry study of matter and the changes that it undergoes Observation recognizing the problem that stating it clearly Measurement a quantitative observation Scientific notation a product of a number between 1 and 10 and the absolute power of 10 Mass quantity of matter present in an object Volume amount of three-dimensional space occupied by a substance Density amount of matter present in a given volume of substance Dimensional Analysis changing one unit to another via conversion factors Equivalence statement two units that are equal Conversion factor ratio that relates two units In scientific notation, positive exponents make numbers bigger In scientific notation, negative exponents make numbers smaller Temperature Kelvin equals T°C + 273 Temperature Fahrenheit equals 1.80(T°C) + 32 Temperature Fahrenheit equals 1.80(T°K) - 459 Density Equation D = M/V Direct Relationship If mass is constant, there is an indirect relationship between volume and density Indirect Relationship If volume is constant, there is a direct relationship between mass and density Properties can either be chemical or physical Chemical change new matter formed Physical change no new matter formed Matter part of the universe that has both mass and volume Pure substances materials that cannot be broken down by physical methods Homogeneous same throughout Heterogeneous layers Separation technique for Boiling Point Distillation Separation technique for Solubility Extraction Separation technique for Volatility Evaporation Separation technique for Polarity Chromatography Separation technique for Density Centrifugation Separation technique for State of Matter Filtration Two kinds of forces Intramolecular and intermolecular Intramolecular forces forces inside the molecule Intermolecular forces Forces between molecules Mass number protons and neutrons Atomic number protons Protons are equal to number of electrons Isotopes Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers Pauli's Exclusion principle states that an orbital can hold only two electrons and that these electrons must spin in opposite directions