Biology Final Exam Chapters 8, 9, and 16
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31 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Pigments | light absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy |
| Chlorophyll | principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| Chloroplast | organel found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| Thylakoid | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
| Granum | stack of thylakoids |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups |
| NADPH | energy transporter used in Calvin Cycle |
| NADP+ | electron carrier involved in glycolysis |
| Light-independent | a set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars; also called the Calvin Cycle |
| Light Dependent | set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle | light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build hight energy compounds such as sugar |
| Fermentation | process by which cells release energy in absence of oxygen |
| Lactic Acid | waste product produced by Fermentation; causes muscles to be sore |
| ETC | A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
| Glycolysis | first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
| Krebs | second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
| Matrix | innermost compartment of the mitochondrion |
| Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
| Aerobic | process that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| Adaptation | heritable characteristics that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment |
| Fitness | how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment |
| Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection, he had six theories: descent with modification, common ancestor, natural selection, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence, variation of adaption |
| Lamark | the first scientist to propose evolution, his theroies: were acquired characteristics and perfection and complexity |
| Lyell | geologist, principles of geology, he observed natural process, earth is old giving evolution some chance |
| Hutton | geologist, studies earth formations, looked at layers of rocks in mountain formations observations lead him to conclude the earth was old |
| Malthus | studied human populations, more people are born than can survive, natural resources can only support some of the population |
| Acquired Characteristics | a trait gained in life is passed to its offsprings |
| Common Descent | Principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
| Natural Selection | more individuals are born than can survive, there is natural heritable variations, there is fitness among individuals |
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