Biology Final-Genetics-AAHS
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Incomplete dominance | The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous parents. |
| Co-dominance | Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. i.e. Speckled or spotted |
| Dominance | Some genes are dominant and will show in the phenotype even if the organism has a dominant and recessive trait. |
| Recessive | Genes that will only show in the phenotype if there are two of them within the organism |
| Sex-linked Genes | Genes that are located on the chromosomes that determine sex in offspring. Males have only one X gene and so the alleles are shown in them. |
| Punnett Square | Used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross |
| Genes | Chemical factors that determine traits |
| Alleles | The different results of a gene |
| Multiple Alleles | More than two alleles exist in a population |
| Polygenic Traits | Traits controlled by two or more genes. i.e. AaBb |
| DNA | The material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics. Made up of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. |
| Proteins | Nutrients that help build and maintain body tissues. Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Codons | Consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide |
| Meiosis | The number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half. Results in the production of four genetically different haploid cells. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. |
| Mitosis | Results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells |
| Prophase | Chromosomes pair with their corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad. |
| Metaphase | Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes |
| Anaphase | Fibers pull the chromosomes toward opposite end of the cell |
| Telophase and Cytokinesis | Nuclear membranes form. The cell separates into two cells (the process starts again) |
| Karyotype | A picture of chromosomes arranged in order |
| Human chromosomes | humans have 46 of these. Two of those chromosomes determine sex. Males have an XY pair and females have an XX pair |
| Heterozygous | Different |
| Homozygous | The same |
| Haploid | A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes and therefore a single set of genes |
| Diploid | A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| Mutations | Changes in genetic material |
| Point mutations | Changes one or a few nucleotides. Occurs at one place in the DNA sequence |
| Frame-shift Mutations | Change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation |
| Substitution | Changing a single nucleotide to another |
| Insertion | Placing a extra nucleotide into the base sequence |
| Deletion | A single nucleotide is removed from the base sequence |
| Chromosomal mutations | Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes |
| Mutations effects | Most neutral. But dramatic cases may cause harmful disorders |
| DNA fingerprinting | Analyzes sections of DNA that have little or no known function but vary widely to identify people |
| Pedigree | Chart that shows the relationships within a family tree |
| Blood Types | A, B, AB, O. |
| Humane Genome Project | An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence. Done by "shotgun sequencing"- sequencing small parts then using computers and markers to put the pieces back together. |
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