Review for 4th Quarter APES Assessment
About this set
Created by:
melenellen77 on May 20, 2012
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 biotic | the living organisms in an ecosystem (community) |
| abiotic | the nonliving features of an ecosystem (air, soil, water) |
| ecosystem | biological community and its physical environment; the simplest entity that can sustain life; poorly defined or indistinct; ecosystems exchange energy and materials, not independent |
| community | all organisms in an ecosystem |
| food chain | feeding relationships, who eats whom |
| food web | all interconnected food chains |
| niche | functional position in ecosystem |
| habitat | place or type of places where a species can live |
| succession | process of establishing or reestablishing an ecosystem (pattern of change in the species of an ecosystem over time) |
| producer (autotroph) | makes own food, organic compounds; can be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic |
| consumer (heterotroph) | must consume other organisms for food |
| decomposer | organism that feeds on dead organic matter |
| herbivore | organism that feeds on an autotroph |
| carnivore | organism that feeds on other live organisms |
| omnivore | organism that eats both plants and animals |
| scavenger | organism that eats remains (ex: hyena) |
| predation | predators kill and eat live prey (+ -) wolf eats sheep |
| competition | competition for same resources (- -) wolves and humans for sheep |
| parasitism | benefits parasite, detrimental to host (+ -) tapeworm in mammal |
| mutualism | beneficial to both (+ +) lichen, bacteria in human |
| commensualism | benefits one, no effect on the other (+ 0) "Spanish" moss on oak |
| endemic | native to an area |
| exotic | non-native, introduced, invasive (Cane Toads, Kudzu) |
| ubiquitous | found everywhere (humans, rats, cockroaches) |
| keystone | disproportionate influence (ants, bats, bee, hummingbirds, sea otters in Pacific) |
| indicator | early warning of change (songbirds, lichen, mussels, NOT CANARIES IN COAL MINEZ) |
| R strategists | reproduce early, mature rapidly, short lived, many and unprotected offspring (ex: insects, annuals) |
| K strategists | reproduce late, mature slowly, long lived, fewer and cared for offspring (ex: humans, whales) |
| characteristics of invasive species | reproduce at high rates, are highly competitive for resources, are able to grow and flourish in diverse habitats |
| ecological pyramid energy rule | only 10% of energy from each trophic level is transferred to next trophic level (2nd law of thermodynamics) |
| biomagnification | the tendency of materials to accumulate in living tissue. Substances may not be excreted or metabolized and will increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. |
| tundra | treeless land area in alpine and arctic areas, plants of low stature (shrubs, grasses, mosses), bare areas without plants |
| taiga | forest of cold climates of high latitudes and high altitudes (boreal forest) |
| desert | driest region where vegetation can survive; most occur at low latitudes, low precipitation |
| mid latitude deciduous forest | tall deciduous trees, squirrelz, birds |
| tropical rainforest | average temperature is high and relatively constant, rainfall is high and frequent |
| grassland | grasses and other flowering plants, good soil, grazers, region between desert and forest |
| importance of forests | Wildlife habitat, protect biodiversity; trees absorb and filter water, which slows runoff, reduces soil erosion, sedimentation and nutrient loss; global climate moderation, C sink, transpiration; air purification: absorbs pollutants, produces O2 |
| effects of fragmentation | Small pieces may not have any true core and not support some species; more edge (edge effect: edge habitat is usually lower quality habitat- more light, more wind, more vulnerable) |
| value of biodiversity | economic and utilitarian (building materials, clothing, food); recreation and ecotourism; medicines and botanicals; research; genetic bank, potential to preserve future biodiversity; option value - may benefit humans in future; aesthetic value |
| threats to biodiversity | HIPPO!!! habitat destruction and fragmentation; degradation, pollution, poison; introduced species; overexploitation, over harvesting |
| traits of endangered species | specialists, small range, require large territory, live on island |
| fisheries | predator-prey interaction between humans and aquatic organisms |
| Human population size in 1800 | 1 billion people |
| Human population size in 1900 | 1.6 billion people |
| Human population size in 2000 | 6.1 billion people |
| current growth rate of the human population | 1.2% |
| current doubling time of the human population | 58 years |
| How to calculate doubling time | 70 / growth rate in percent form |
| How to calculate growth rate | (CBR - CDR) / 10 |
| CBR | Crude Birth Rate |
| CDR | Crude Death Rate |
| Estimated world population (March 2, 2012) | 7 billion people (7,025,566,767) |
| US population (March 2, 2012) | about 30 million people |
| Hunting and Gathering period | population small, birth and death rates high |
| Agricultural revolution | major increase in population |
| Industrial Revolution | population explosion |
| Modern or Present-day human population | depends on where you live: Developing Countries -> greater population most rapid growth Developed Countries-> less population, greater environmental impact |
| maximum lifetime | genetically determined maximum age |
| life expectancy (lifespan) | years organism is expected to live |
| Deep ecology | advocates minimum of people in order to sustain biosphere |
| packing approach | we can fit 40 billion people on Earth |
| Quality of life | higher living standards means less people |
| Thomas Malthus | "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798) -Human Population can grow faster than food supply -Results of overpopulation will be war, disease, and famine |
| Paul Ehrlich | The Population Bomb (1968) -technology increases resource use and toxic substances emitted -This increases the impact of each individual on the environment |
| exponential growth | growth at a constant rate (J-shaped) |
| doubling time | number of years needed for population to double in size |
| Logistic Growth Curve | S-shaped curve: exponential growth at first, growth rate slows with population increase |
| demography | the study of populations |
| population | organisms of same species living in the same area (gene pool) |
| population dynamics | population growth and changes |
| Less Developed Countries (LDC) | 80% of population, 98% of growth -Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America, Caribbean, Oceania (not Australia, New Zealand) -High growth rate, large proportion of population under 15 years old -poorer, lower standard of living, lower education levels -less urbanized (THIS IS CHANGING) |
| More Developed Countries (MDC) | 20% of population, 2% of growth -Europe, US and Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan -Low growth rates, longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality -Higher GNP and living standards -more urbanized |
| Fertility | number of offspring produced |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | average number of children a woman bears in lifetime |
| replacement fertility rate (RFR) | replaces a woman and spouse -theoretically 2, but higher because of infant mortality |
| population momentum (or lag) | even after RFR is reached, population continues to grow due to the age structure of the population. -won't stabilize for about 60 years |
| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | population size is stable (equal birth and death rates) |
| Demographic Transition | changes in population during industrialization |
| Dem. Transition Stage I | High Birth and Death Rates, Low Growth Rate |
| Dem. Transition Stage II | death rates fall; birth rates do not -> rapid population increase |
| Dem. Transition Stage III | Populations become educated, urbanized, and affluent, birth rate falls, growth rate slows, population eventually stabilizes |
| Dem. Transition Stage IV | post-industrial societies, chronic diseases are controlled, results in additional population growth. |
| vicious cycle | poverty promotes high birth rates which makes it hard to get out of poverty. |
| Populations can be controlled | delay age of first child, raise status (and education) of women, provide family planning/contraceptives, raise living standards, and encourage breast feeding |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.