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protist a member of a group of eukaryotic organisims, which has a membrane-bound nucleus algae a plantlike protist that produces food through photosynthesis using light energy and carbon dioxide diatom a type of microscopic platlike protists with a hard outer wall protozoan a protist that resembles a tiny animal cilia short, hairlike structures that grow on the surface of some protists paramecium a protist with cilia and two types of nuclei ameoba one sarcodine with an unusual adaptation for movement and getting nutrients pseudopod a temporary "foot"" that forms as the organism pushes part of its body outward hyphae long, threadlike structures that make up the body of fungi and also form an underground structure that absorbs minerals and water mycelium an underground network of hyphae basidium reproductive structure tha tproduces sexual spres inside the basidiocarp ascus reproductive structure where spores developon a sac of fungi zygosporangia tiny stalks formed when a zygote fungus undergoes sexual reproduction mychorrhizae a structure formed when the roots of a plant and they hyphae of a fungus weave together lichen a structure formed when fungi and certain other photosynthetic organisms grow together bacterium a microscopic prokaryote flagellum a long whiplike structure on many bacteria fission cell division that forms two genetically identical cells conjugation a process during which two bacteria of the same species attach to each other and combine their genetic material endospore a thick internal wall that a bacterium builds around its chromosome and parts of its cytoplasm decomposition the breaking down of dead organisms and organic waste nitrogen fixation the process that changes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds bioremediation the use of an organism such as bacteria to clean up environmental pollution pathogens an agent that causes disease antibiotic a medicine that stops the growth and reproduction of bacteria pasteurization a process of heating food or liquid to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria virus a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protein that can infect and replicate in a host cell antibody a proteim that can attach to a pathogen and makes it useless vaccine a mixture containing material from one or more deactivated pathogens vertebrate an animal with a backbone invertebrate an animal that does not have a backbone radial symmetry a body plant in which an organism can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis bilateral symmetry a bidy plan in which an organism can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other asymmetry a body plan in which an organism cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images exoskeleton a thick, hard outer covering; protects and supports an animal's body appendage a structure, such as a leg or an arm, that extends from the central part of the body notochord a flexible, rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate chordate an animal that has a notochord, a nerve chord, a tail, and structures called pharungeal pouches at some point in its life skeletal system body system that contains bones as well as other sturctures that connect and protect the bones and that support other functions in the body cartilage a strong, flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones periosteum a membrane that surrounds bone joint whe two or more bones meet ligament the tissue that connects bones to other bones arthritis a disease in which joints become irritated or inflamed such as when cartilage in joints is damaged or wears away osteoporosis a bone disease that causes bones to weaken and become brittle muscle strong body tissue that can contract in an orderly way skeletal muscle a type of muscle that attaches to bone voluntary muscle muscle that youc an consciously control cardiac muscle muscle found only in the heart involuntary muscle a muscle you cannot consciously control smooth muscle involuntary muscle named for its smooth appearance integumentary system the body system that includes all the external coverings of the body, including the skin, nails, and hair epidermis the outermost layer of skin and the only layer in direct contact with the outside environment melanin a pigment that protects the body by absorbing some of the sun's damaging rays dermis a thick layer of skin that gives skin strength, nourishment, and flexibility bruise an injury where blood vessels in the skin are broken, but the skin is not cut or opened calorie the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsuis protein a long chain of amino acid molecules, contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfue carbohydrate a macromolecule made up of one or more sugar molecules, which are composed of cabon, hydrogen, and oxygen; usually the body's major source of energy fat also called a lipid, a substance in the body that provides energy and helps your body absorb vitamins vitamin any of several nutrients that are needed in small amounts for growth, regulating body functions, and precenting some disease mineral any of several inorganic nutrients which help the body regulate main chemical reactions digestion the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small particles and molecules that your body can absorb and use mechanical digestionm a process in which food is physically broken into smaller pieces chemical digestion a process in which chemical reactions break down pieces of food into small molecules enzyme a protein that helps break down larger molecules into smaller molecules and speeds up, catalizes, the rate of chemical reactions esophagus a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach peristalsis waves of muscles contractions that moce food through the digestive tract chyme a thin, watery liquid made of broken down food moleculs and gastic juice villi a fingerlike projection, many of which cover the folds of the small intestine excretory system the system that collectgs and eliminates wastes from teh body and regulates the level of fluid in the body kidney a bean-shaped organ that filters or removes wastes from blood nephron a network of capillaries and small tubes, or tubules, where filtration of blood occurs urine the fluid produced when blood is filtered through the kidneys uretur a tube through which urine leaves each kidney bladder a muscular sac that holds urine until the urine is excreted urethra a tube through which urine leaves the bladder breathing the movement of air into and out of the lungs pharynx a tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose larynx a triangle shaped area into which aire passes from the pharynx; also called the voice box trachea a tube that is held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage; connects the larynx and the bronchi bronchi one of the narrow tubes that carry air into the lunchs from the trachea lungs the main organ of the respiratory system alveoli microscopic sacs or pouches at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs diaphragm a large muscle below the lungs that contracts and relaxes as air moves into and out of your lungs atrium the upper two chambers of the heart ventricle the lower two chambers of the heart artery a vessel that carries blood away from the heart capillary a tiny blood vessel that delivers supplies to an individual cell and takes away wast materials vein a vessel that carries blood toward the heart systemic circulation the network of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and from the body back to the heart coronary circulation the network of arteries and veins that supplies blood to all the cells of the heart pulmonary circulation the network of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs atheroslerosis the buildup of fatty material within the walls of arteries platelet a small, irregular shaped piece of a cell that plugs wounds to stop bleeding plasma the yellowish, liquid part of blood that transports blood cells Rh factor a protein found on red blood cells; a chemical marker lymphatic system part of the immune system that helps destry microorganisms that enter the body lymph tissue fluid that has diffuses into lymph vessels lymph node a mall spongy structure that filters particles from lymph thymus an orhan of the lymphatic system that recucles worn-out red blood cells and produces and stores lymphocytes spleen the organ of the lymphatic system in which Tcells complete their development