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two main gases in atmosphere nitrogen and oxygen radiation transfer of energy through space in the form of waves conduction transfer of heat through atoms colliding convection transfer of heat because of density differences; liquid or gas only troposphere closest layer of atmosphere to the earth; where weather occurs thermosphere hottest layer of the atmosphere greenhouse effect infared radiation remains in Earth's atmosphere insolation incoming solar radiation when Earth receives the most energy when the Sun is directly overhead smog brownish haze caused by automobile exhaust acid rain pollutants in the water vapor in the air that causes harm to plants, animals, and structures ozone depletion increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation global warming global temperatures rising caused by human activities and greenhouse gases