Energy, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis - Biology - Final Exam Study Guide
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kaitlinelizabeth on May 21, 2012
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances |
| heterotroph | an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition |
| producer | an organism that makes its own food |
| consumer | an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms |
| energy | involved directly with all forms of biological activity; needed by all organisms to carry out life; required for growth, reproduction, movement, cellular transport |
| kinetic, potential | kinds of energy |
| potential energy | energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement |
| kinetic energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion |
| adenine triphosphate | ATP |
| ATP | energy |
| synthesis reaction | when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule |
| decomposition reaction | a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts |
| catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| oxygen | in most animals, ______ is needed in constant supply to obtain energy from digested nutrients |
| carbon dioxide, water, ATP | products of cellular respiration |
| glucose and oxygen | reactants in cellular respiration |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| cytosol | where does cytsol occur? |
| Krebs cycle | second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
| matrix of the mitochondria | where does the Krebs cycle occur? |
| electron transport system | passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bounded electron carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP |
| inner membrane of the mitochondria | where does the electron transport system occur? |
| aerobic | requires a constant supply of oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | includes Krebs cycle and ETS |
| False | T/F Humans perform anaerobic respiration. |
| True | T/F Humans perform aerobic respiration. |
| anaerobic respiration | Respiration that does not require oxygen |
| fermentation | Anaerobic respiration is also called...? |
| bacteria, fungi, yeast | Organisms that perform anaerobic respiration |
| Lactic acid, CO2, alchohol | By-products of fermentation |
| fatigue and cramps | the effect that lactic acid fermentation has on muscles |
| sun, H2O, O2 | light reactions |
| CO2, C6H12O6 | dark reactions |
| thylakoid membrane | phase 1: light reactions occur in...? |
| stroma | phase 2: dark reactions occur in...? |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| fluid stroma | the colourless fluid surrounding the grana within the organelle Plastid, chloroplast. |
| thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
| grana | a stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast |
| light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature | Factors that affect rates of photosynthesis |
| lactic acid fermentation | LAF |
| the sun | based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source of energy for all living things on earth is...? |
| ATP | energy is most quickly available for all animal activities when it is in which chemical form? |
| chemical energy | what type of energy can be used directly by all living organisms? |
| cellular respiration | it produces ATP, a high energy molecule |
| oxygen | to efficiently obtain energy from digested nutrients, most animals must have a constant supply of...? |
| electron transport system | water is an end product in...? |
| oxygen | a substance produced during the process of photoynthesis that is used for completionof cellular respiration |
| oxygen | the major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is...? |
| glucose | Which product results from carbon fixation? |
| Calvin cycle | During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth |
| covalent | the bonds formed between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule are made due to the sharing of electrons between these atoms. what type of bonds hold the molecules together? |
| decomposition | the process whereby protein molecules are broken down into amino acids is an example of a(n) _____________ reaction. |
| ATP synthase | the enzyme complex embedded in the membrane of the mitochondrion that is responsible for converting ADP+P to ATP |
| ion | a charged atom |
| endothermic reaction | a type of reaction that takes in heat |
| ionic | the type of bond formed from the attraction of unlike charges |
| kinetic energy | active energy |
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