| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Glycolysis | glucose metabolism in all cells and produces two molecules of pyruvate, no oxygen |
| Cellular Respiration | oxygen, converts pyruvate to three carbon dioxide, energy stored in the covalent bonds of pyruvate is released and transferred to ADP |
| Fermentation | no oxygen, converts pyruvate to lactic aicd or ethyl alcohol |
| Reduction | gain of one or more electrons by an atom, ion or molecule (reduces charge) |
| Oxidation | loss of one or more electrons |
| NAD | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, electron carrier in redox reactions |
| FAD | flavin adenin dinucleotide, another electron carrier |
| Acetyl CoA | formed through a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
| oxidative phosphorylation | oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to carbon dioxide, reoxidation of electron carriers in oxygen |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | pyruvate seres as the electron acceptor, uses NADH+H+ as a reducing pyruvate to lactic acid |
| Alcohol Fermentation | anaeraobic, requires 2 enzymes to metabolize to pyruvate enables glycolysis to produce a small amoutn of ATP through subtrate-level phosphorylation |
| Electron Transport Chain | electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the inner mitochondrial memebrabe, out of the matrix, creating a proton gradient |
| Chemiosmosis | protons diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix through a proton channel, couples diffusion to synthesis of ATP |
| NADH - Q reductase | Complex (I) passes the electron to Q from NADH |
| Succinate dehydrogenase | Complex (II) passes electrons to Q from FADH2, during the formation of fumarate from succinate |
| Cytochrome C reductase | Complex (III) recieves electrons from Q and passes them to Cytochrome C |
| Cytochrome C oxidase | complex (IV) recieves electrons from cytochrome C and passes them to oxygen, which picks up hydrogen ions, creating water |
| Proton-motive force | proton gradient and the change difference constitues a source of potential energy and drives portons back across the membrane |
| ATP synthase | couples proton movement to the syntheses of ATP |
| chemiosmotic mechanism | coupling of proton motive forc of ATP synthesis |
| Catabolic pathways | carbohydrates, fats, and proteins feed into energy-harvesting metabolic pathways |
| Anabolic pathways | use intermediate compoenets of energy-harvesting pathways to synthesize fats, amino aicds and other essential building blocks |
| Gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose from glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates |
| Arsenic | stops the allosteric inhibition of pyruvate and alhp=ketogutarate dehydrogenase, no acetyl CoA formation |
| Cynaide | stops the binding of oxygen |
| Carbon Monoxide | binds to hemoglobin, no oxygen transport in cells |
Combine with other sets
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