vertebral column
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74 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Vertebral column AKA | spinal column, back bone, spine |
| what is the main part of the axial skeleton | spine |
| what componets make up the axial skeleton? | spine, skull, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone |
| what is formed of alternating bony vertebrae and fibrocartilagenous intervertebral discs (IVD's) | vertebral column |
| what connects the vertebrae | strong ligaments, supported and moved by powerful musculotendinous masses |
| how many vertebrae in a newborn? | 33 (7C 12T 5L 5S 4C) |
| how many true movable vertebrae in an adult? | 24 (7C 12T 5L) also 2 falso vertebrae ( 1S and 1 C) 26 total |
| how long is the vertebral column in males? | 71 CM 28 IN C = 12.5 cm T = 28 cm L = 18cm S and C = 12.5 cm |
| how long is the spine in females? | 61 cm (25 in) |
| how much longer is the spine in the morning compared to in the evening? why is this? | 2 inches due to the imbibition of water by IVD's |
| how many IVD's are there in the spine and what percent of the total lengh are they? | 23 25% |
| where is the first IVD located? | between c2-c3 |
| there are no IVD's located where? | occiput-c1 |
| where are the IVD's thickest? where are they smallest? | thickest - lumbar smallest - cervical |
| what are the 2 major pyramids that are observed when the spine is viewed from the front | long upright pyramid ( c2 to L5) short inverted pyramid (sacrum to tip of coccyx) |
| what the smaller pyramids is the long upright pyramid divided into? | an upright pyramid ( c2 - t1) and inverted pyramid ( t1-t5) an upright pyramid ( t5-l5) |
| how many surves if the spine can be viewed in the lateral view | 4 curves 2 types cervical - secondary curve/ lordotic curve thoracic - primary curve / kyphotic curve lumbar - secondary/ lordotic sacral - primary/ kyphotic |
| at what age do each of these 4 curves form and what is their purpose? | cervical - 3-4 months (baby holds head erect) thoracic - during fetal life lumbar - 12-18 months ( walking) sacral - during fetal life |
| how can you describe primary / kyphotic curves? | concave anteriorly due to difference in height between anterior and posterior parts of vertebral bodies accommodation curves, accommodate for thoracic, abdominal and pelvic viscera |
| how can you describe secondary/ lordotic curves? | convex anteriorly due to difference in thickness between anterior and posterior parts of IVD's compensation curves, compensate for a change in posture (holding head and walking) |
| how much axial pressure can the spine withstand? | 700 lbs |
| kyphosis | (humpback) abnormal increase of the curve in the thoracic. could be due to osteoporosis |
| lordosis | (sway back) increase in the lumbar curvature seen in pregnate women to compensate for their line of gravity obesity is a cause of lordosis |
| scoliosis | (croaked) abnormal lateral curve to the left or right spinous processes point toward concavity it may be structural (developmental) or functional ( mechanical or neurological) |
| what are the 5 functions of the vertebral column | protects the spinal cord supports the weight of the body flexible axis for the body and pivot for the head posture and locomotion resiliency : ability to absorb shock |
| what are the parts of a typical vertebrae | vertebral body and vertebral arch |
| what is the vertebral arch formed of? | 2 pedicles 2 laminae one spinous process 2 transverse process 4 articular process (2 superior and 2 inferior) |
| what type of bone forms the vertebrae | outer layer is compact bone, core is trabecular (spongy) bone that contains red bone marrow |
| what is the pattern of trabeculation | it varies as it develops along the lines of greatest stress |
| irregular bone covered by periosteum that is innervated by nerve fibers that transmit pain and proprioception | vertebrae |
| what happens to the density of bone with age? | increases during puberty, reaches a peak during midtwenties, decreases gradually at menopause |
| decrease in bone density | osteoporosis |
| osteoporosis may lead to what? | vertebral fractures because of the weight-bearing function of the spine |
| what is the largest part of the vertebrae? | vertebral body AKA centrum |
| what allows for the spine to bear the weight of the body? | its increase in size from above downward |
| what connects the bodies of successive vertebrae? | IVD's |
| what structures concave posterioly and form the anterior part of vertebral foramina? | the bodies of the vertebrae |
| what is the upper and lower surfaces of the body covered by? | hyaline cartilage: cartilaginous end plate (CEP) / vertebral end plate |
| the anterior surface of the body shows foramina for what? | nutrient arteries |
| the posterior surface of the centrum has one or two foramina for what? | the exit of basivertebral veins |
| what are the signs of scoliosis? | uneven sholders curve in spine uneven hips |
| ___is posterior to the vertebral body and is formed of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae | vertebral arch AKA neural arch |
| the vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body form what? | vertebral foramen |
| the succession of vertebral foramina in the articulated column forms the what? | vertebral canal AKA spinal canal |
| what does the spinal canal contain? | spinal cord, meninges, fat, nerve roots of spinal nerves, and blood vessels |
| what protects the spinal cord and associated structures? | vertebral arch |
| what is trefoil in shape in cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions of spinal column and circular and smallest in thoracic region? | vertebral foramina |
| spinal stenosis | less than 15mm in diameter in lumbar region |
| what is the antero-posterior diameter of the vertebral canal in the lumbar region | 15 mm |
| short strong processes that project backwards from the upper portion of vertebral body | pedicles AKA roots |
| what forms the anterior part of the vertebral arch? | pedicles |
| each pedicle possesses what? | a shallow superior and a deep inferior vertebral notch |
| the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae contribute to the formation of what? | IVF |
| what does the IVF contain? | spinal nerve roots, vessels, and dorsal root ganglia |
| what happens to the IVFs with age | their size decreases causes chronic neck pain |
| what is continuous with the pedicles? | laminae |
| what are flat, broad plates of bone that form the posterior part of the vertebral arch | laminae |
| what curves posteromedially to meet in the middle line at the spinous process? | laminae |
| how many processes arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra? | 7 a spinous process 2 transverse processes 4 articular processes ( 2 superior, 2 inferior) |
| what projects posteriorly from the vertebral arch at the junction of the laminae | spinous process |
| what serves as levers for muscle attatchments | spinous process |
| what projects laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae | transverse process |
| what serves as muscle attatchment sites where rotation and lateral flexion of the spine can occur? | transverse processes |
| what are the two parts that make a transverse process? | true TP (posteriorly) and a costal element (anteriorly) |
| what are the cervical costal elements? | anterior tubercles |
| what do the thoracic costal elements develop into? | ribs |
| what are the lumbar costal elements | anterior aspects of TPs |
| what are the costal elements of the sacral | alae of sacrum (right and left) |
| what is the greek term for the articular processes | zygaphophyses |
| what structure arrises from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae? AKA pediculolaminar junction | articular processes |
| the joint between inferior articular process of one vertebrae and the superior articular process of the vertebra below forms what? | zygaphophyseal (Z or facet joint) |
| the articular processes are oriented in different planes in different regions of the vertebral column and this affects what? | the type and range of motion in each region |
| what is the function of the articular processes | restrict movements in certain directions and prevent vertebrae from slipping anteriorly |
| what is each motion segment (functional spinal unit) of the vertebral column formed by? | 2 vertebrae and 3 joints: IVD (anteriorly) and 2 facet joints (posteriorly) |
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