Chemistry for Biology
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Proton | positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Neutron | neutrally charged particle in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom |
| Valence | type of electrons found in the outermost energy level of an atom |
| Covalent | type of bond between two atoms that share valence electrons |
| Ionic | type of bond between two atoms in which one gains valence electrons while the other loses them |
| Polar | molecule with covalent bonds but the the valence electrons are not shared equally so it has + and - sides |
| Organic | compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Inorganic | compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Carbohydrate | type of macromolecule used for quick energy |
| Lipid | type of macromolecule used for long term energy, insulation, and found in membranes |
| Protein | type of macromolecule used for growth and repair, enzymes, messengers, and found in membranes |
| Nucleic acid | examples of this macromolecule are DNA and RNA |
| Monosaccharide | basic unit of a carbohydrate |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides bonded together |
| Polysaccharide | three or more monosaccharides bonded together |
| Starch | plant polysaccharide that can be digested by humans |
| Cellulose | plant polysaccharide that CANNOT by digested by humans; found in plant cell walls |
| Glycogen | animal polysaccharide that is stored around the liver and in muscle tissue |
| Amino acid | basic unit of a protein |
| Dipeptide | two amino acids bonded together |
| Polypeptide | three or more amino acids bonded together |
| Fatty acid | part of a lipid; it's made of long hydrocarbon chains; the lipid contains three of these |
| Glycerol | part of a lipid; it's made of three carbons; the lipid only has one of these |
| Unsaturated | type of fatty acid that has at least one double bond between the carbons; the healthier type of fat |
| Saturated | type of fatty acid that has only single bonds between the carbons; not healthy |
| Nucleotide | the basic unit of a nucleic acid |
| DNA | type of nucleic acid that contains genetic information |
| RNA | type of nucleic acid that has the directions for building a protein |
| dehydration synthesis | building larger molecules by removing a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones by inserting a water molecule |
| Enzyme | a protein catalyst |
| Catalyst | something that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Substrate | the reactant in an enzymatic reaction |
| Active site | location on an enzyme that fits with the substrate |
| Activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants use light energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. |
| Respiration | The process by which organisms use oxygen to release the energy stored in glucose molecules and to produce carbon dioxide and water. |
| Fermentation | When oxygen is unavailable for respiration, this process converts glucose to alcohol. |
| Positive test for starch | Iodine turns blue/black |
| Positive test for lipids | Brown bag turns greasy looking |
| Positive test for glucose/ simple sugars | Benedict's solution turns orange |
| Positive test for protein | Biuret solution turns lavender |
| Hydrogen bond | attraction of a hydrogen atom in one molecule for the electrons in another molecule; holds the two strands of DNA together |
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