aba cooper ch 2
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 antecedent | environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest |
| automaticity of reinforcement | refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequence irrespective of the persons awareness a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between their behavior and the reinforcing consequence or even know that a consequence has occured for reinforcement to work. contrast with autmatic reinforcement. |
| aversive stimulus | in general an unpleasant or noxious stimulus. More technically a stimulus change or condition that functions to evoke a behavior that has terminated in the past. A punisher when presented following behavior and or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior |
| behavior | activity of living organisms; also includes interaction with environment |
| behavior change tactic | a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (e.g) differential reinforcement of other behavrio, reponse cost) possesses sufficient genrality across subjects, settings and or behaviors to warrant its codification and dessimination |
| conditioned punisher | a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior paring with other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher |
| conditioned reflex | a learned stimulus response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (eg sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (i.e. salivation) each persons repertoire of conditioned reflexes is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior paring with one or more other reinforcers |
| conditioned stimulus | the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex; a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| consequence | a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest i.e. punisher, reinforcer some especially those that are immediate and relevant to current motivational states have significant influence on future behavior; others have little effect |
| contigency | refers to dependent and or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables |
| contingent | describes reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred |
| deprivation | the state of an organism with respect to know how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer; also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (e.g. witholding a persons access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session) |
| discriminated operant | an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
| discriminative stimulus | a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced. This hisotry of differential reinforcement is the reason an Sd increases the momentary frequency of the behavior |
| environment | the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists. Behavior can not exist in absence of environment |
| extinction | the discontinuing of a reinforcemnt of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e. responses no longer produce reinforcemnt) the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the bheavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur |
| habituation | gradually diminishing response strength |
| higher order conditioning | development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus |
| history of reinforcement | an inclusive term referring in general to all of a persons learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a persons repertoire |
| motivating operation | an environmental variable that alters (increases) or decreases) the reinforcing or punhishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event, and alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punihsed by that stimulus, object, or event |
| negative reinforcement | a stimulus whose terminatior functions as reinforcement |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus change that does nto elicit respondent behavior |
| ontogeny | the history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
| operant conditioning | the basic profess by which learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately follow responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and enviromental conditions in the future |
| phylogeny | the history of the natural evolution of a species |
| positive reinforcement | occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
| principle of behavior | a statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with genrality across organism, species, settings, behavior, and time; an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation |
| punisher | a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| punishment | occurs when stimulus change immediatley follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
| reflex | a stimulus response relation consisiting of an antecedent stimus and the respondent behavior it elicits such as a bright light leads to pupil contraction |
| reinforcement | occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
| reinforcer | a stimulus change that increases the future frequency that immediately precedes it |
| repertoire | all of the behaviors a person can do. But a better definition is a set or collection of knowledge and skills a person has learned that are relevant to particular settings or tasks. |
| respondent behavior | behavior that is elecited by antecedent stimuli |
| respondent conditioning | a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus is presendent with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned responses (Pavolve classical condition) |
| respondent extinction | the procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditional stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response |
| response | a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior. A technical definition is an action of an organisms effector |
| response class | a group of responses with the same function. That is each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment |
| satiation | a decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or compumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behaivior also refers to a procedure for reducting the effectiveness of a reinforcer |
| selection by consequence | the fundamental principle undrlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of operant behavior from simple to complex are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during a lifetime; skineners concept of selection by conseuqaences is identical to concept of natural selection (darwin) |
| stimulus | an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells; how the environment influences behavior |
| stimulus class | any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions |
| stimulus control | a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
| stimulus stimulus pairing | a procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus |
| three term contingency | the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence |
| unconditioned punisher | a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediatley precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning hisotry with the stimulus |
| unconditioned reinforcer | a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimlus |
| unconditioned stimulus | the stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent beahvior without any prior learning |
| temporal locus | way behavior can be measured. It is when in time a specified behavior occurs |
| temporal extent | a way behavior can be measured. the duration of a given behavioral event |
| repeatability | way behavior can be measured. It is the frequency with which a specified behavior occurs over time |
| response topography | the physical shape or form of behavior |
| effector | an organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber that is specialized for altering its environment mechanically, chemically, or in terms of other energy changes |
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