Biology Chapter 2 (Prentice Hall 2008)
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Created by:
hguidry13 on October 4, 2009
Subjects:
Description:
Prentice Hall Biology (Miller/Levine 2008), chapter 2
Classes:
Biology, prentice hall pre-ap biology mr. morgan's class, Prentice Hall Biology- HHS, St.John's 2013
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | the basic unit of matter |
| subatomic particles | protons, neutrons and electrons |
| protons | positively charged particles in the nucleus |
| neutrons | particles with no charge in the nucleus |
| electrons | negatively charged particles in constant motion outside the nucleus |
| why atoms are uncharged | atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| chemical element | a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom of an element |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons |
| compound | substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| chemical formula | shorthand to show the chemical composition of a compound |
| chemical bonds | hold atoms in compounds together; the main types are ionic and covalent |
| ionic bond | a bond formed when one or more electrons are transfered from one atom to another |
| ion | a positively or negatively charged atom |
| covalent bond | a bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
| molecule | a structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds; the smallest unit of most compounds |
| van der Waals forces | intermolecular forces of attraction between the oppositely chargeed regions of nearby molecules |
| water | H2O; the greatest solvent on earth |
| oxygen end of the water molecule | slight negative charge because it pulls the electrons more |
| hydrogen end of the water molecule | slight positive charge because it has less attraction for the electrons |
| polar molecules | molecules in which the charges are unevenly distributed; they can attract each other |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| mixture | material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| solution | a mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture |
| solute | the substance in a solution that is dissolved |
| solvent | the substance in a solution in which the solvent dissolves |
| ions formed by water molecules | hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxide ion (OH-) |
| suspensions | mixtures of water and nondissolved material |
| blood | a suspension of water, cells, and undissolved particles that moves through the body |
| pH 7 | pH of pure water |
| pH scale | a measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution |
| acid | a compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
| pH above 7 | bases |
| pH below 7 | acids |
| base | a compound that produces OH- ions in solution |
| buffers | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
| organic chemistry | the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms |
| organic compounds | carbon compounds |
| carbon's valence electrons | four |
| reasons carbon is important | can make covalent bonds with other atoms (4 valence electrons); can bond to other carbon atoms to make long chains |
| macromolecules | polymers; molecules made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules |
| polymerization | a process that forms macromolecules by joining smaller compounds together to form larger ones |
| monomers | small units that join together to form macromolecules, or polymers |
| four groups of organic compounds in living things | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| carbohydrates | used as the main source of energy; used in structures for plants and some animals |
| examples of carbohydrates | starches and sugars |
| lipids | used in living things to store energy; in biological membranes and coverings |
| examples of lipids | fats, oils and waxes |
| fatty acids and glycerol | compounds that make up lipid molecules |
| nucleic acids | store and transmit hereditary (genetic) information |
| elements in nucleic acids | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus |
| elements in lipids | carbon and hydrogen |
| elements in carbohydrates | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| nucleotides | monomers that make up nucleic acids |
| nucleotides are made of | 5-carbon sugar; phosphate group; and nitrogenous base |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| sugars | can be broken down for immediate energy |
| starches | complex carbohydrates (polymers) where extra sugar is stored |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars (glucose, galactose (from milk), fructose (from fruit)) |
| polysaccharides | large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides |
| glycogen | animal starch that can be released from the liver when blood glucose is low |
| proteins | polymers of amino acid macromolecules that control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, form bone and muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, or help fight disease |
| proteins are made of | nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| amino acids | compounds with an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other |
| chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products) by breaking bonds and forming new ones |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| spontaneous reactions | reactions that release energy |
| nonspontaneous reactions | reactions that absorb energy and will not occur without a source of energy |
| activation energy | the energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| how catalysts work | they lower the activation energy for a reaction |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up reactions by lowering activation energy |
| substrates | reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| active site | a site on an enzyme where the substrate binds |
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