Chapter 18 Respiratory System
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells. | Respiration |
| Pulmonary ventilation, external ventilation, internal ventilation. | Events of respiration |
| The movement of air into and out of the lungs. Composed of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). | Pulmonary ventilation |
| Gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs. | External respiration |
| Gas exchange between blood and body cells. | Internal respiration |
| Oxygen utilization and CO2 production at the cellular level. | Cellular respiration |
| Pressure inside alveoli must become _______ that atmospheric pressure for air flow _____ the lungs. | Lower; into |
| Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. | Boyle's Law |
| Lungs must expand, increasing volume, decreasing pressure below atmospheric pressure. | Inhilation |
| Inhilation is: active or inactive? | Active |
| Inhilation is contraction of: | Diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles |
| Most important muscle of inhilation. | Diaphragm |
| Diaphragm is responsible for ____% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing. | 75% |
| External intercostals are responsible for ____% of air enter lungs during normal quiet breathing. | 25% |
| When thorax expands, parietal and visceral pleurae adhere tightly due to: | Subatmospheric pressure and surface tension |
| As lung volume ________, alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure ______. | increases; drops OR drops; increases |
| During expiration, pressure in lungs is _________ than atmospheric pressure. | Greater |
| Expiration is normally _________(passive or active?). | Passive-muscles relax instead of contract |
| Expiration is based on elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs from elastic fibers and ______ ______ of alveolar fluid. | Surface tension |
| The diaphragm becomes _________ during expiration. | Relaxed |
| Exhalation only actice during _________ breathing. | Forceful |
| Three factors that affect rate of airflow and ease of pulmonary ventilation. | Surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance, and airway resistance |
| This causes alveoli to assume smallet possible diameter. | Surface tension |
| High lung compliance means lungs and chest wall expand _______. | Easily |
| Larger diameter airway has ________ (more or less?) resistance. | Less |
| One inspiration followed by one expiration is called a: | Respiratory cycle |
| The measurement of respiratory volumes. | Spirometry |
| The four distinct respiratory volumes are: | Tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal respiratory cycle is the: | Tidal volume (TV) |
| Only about ___% of tidal volume reaches respiratory zone. | 70% |
| ___% of the tidal volume remains in the conducting zone. | 30% |
| Conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory gas exchange. | Alveolar ventilation rate |
| During forced inspiration, an additional volume of air, the _______ ________ ______ can be inhaled into the lungs. | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| During maximal forced expiration, an _______ _______ _______ additional air can be exhaled, but there remains a _______ _______ in the lungs. | Expiratory reserve volume (ERV); residual volume (RV) |
| ________ air remains in the lungs at all times, so newly inhaled air is constantly ________ with old air. | Residual; mixing |
| This is the tidal volume plus IRV and ERV combined (maximum air exhaled after taking deepest breath possible). | Vital capacity (VC) |
| Vital capacity plus RV is the: | Total lung capacity (TLC) |
| Pressure of a specific gas is: | Partial pressure |
| This is the sum of all the partial pressures. | Total pressure |
| P(N2) + P(O2) + P(H2O) + P(CO2) + P(other gases) = | Armospheric pressure (760 mmHg) |
| Each gas diffuses across a permeable membrane from the area where its partial pressure is ______ to the area where is partial pressure is ____. | Greater; less |
| The _______ the difference, the _______ the rate of diffusion. | Greater; faster |
| Diffusion across the respiratory membrane. | External respiration |
| Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood of _______ _______. | Pulmonary capillaries |
| Diffusion occurs until P(O2) of _______ _______ blood matches P(O2) of _______ ____. | Pulmonary capillary; alveolar air |
| ________ _______ diffuses from deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries into alveolar air. | Carbon dioxide |
| Respiration in tissues throughout the body. | Internal respiration |
| Oxygen diffuses from _______ ______ blood into _______ _______ during internald respiration. | Systemic capillary; tissue cells |
| Blood drops to ____mmHg by the time blood exits the systemic capillaries. | 40 mmHg |
| Carbon dioxide diffuses from _____ _____ into _____ _____ during internal respiration. | Tissue cells; systemic capillaries |
| The rate of external respiration depends on: | Surface area for gas exchange, diffusion distance, partial pressure gradient, breathing rate and depth. |
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