| Term | Definition |
|---|
| active transport | Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy |
| isotonic | A solution with a solute concentration that is equal to another solution |
| Endomembrane System | The membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membraneous vesicles |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with membrane-enclosed organelles and a membrane-enclosed nucleus |
| Flaccid | Limp. ex. Walled cells are flaccid when they are in isotonic surroundings because there is no tendency for water to enter the cell |
| Nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| Cilia | hair-like projections on the surface of a cell that move in rhythmic unison to "sweep" away fluids and particles. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The spontaneous (without energy input) movement of molecules and ions, with specific carrier proteins attached (permit membrane entrance), through a biological membrane. It can be said that these substances move down their concentration gradients, like all diffusing substances. |
| Microfilaments | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, makes up part of the cytoplasm and acts alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
| Passive Transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell. |
| Gap Junction | A linkage of two adjacent cells consisting of a system of channels extending across a gap from one cell to the other. |
| Hypertonic | A solution with a higher solute concentration than a hypotonic solution |
| Extracellular Matrix | Functions as support for outside the cell and for communicating in and out of the cell. A substance consisting of specialized proteins and structural proteins (i.e. Collagen) |
| Flagella | A long cellular appendage (extension from the cellular membrane) used for locomotion. |
| Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. |
| Fluid Mosiac Model | The currently accepted explanation of membrane structure which describes individual proteins drifting laterally in a bilayer of phospholipids |
| microtubules | A hollow tube in the cytoplasm of most cells, involved in intracellular shape and transport. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. |
| membrane potential | The charge difference between the interior and exterior of all cells. |
| cell wall | a protective layer outside the cell membrane; found in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Nucleus | A membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. |
| Nucleiod Region | The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. |
| Endocytosis | Process in which cells absorb molecules from outside the cell by surrounding them with their cell membrane. |
| Cotransport | The transport of one substance across a membrane coupled with the transport of another substance across the same membrane in the same direction. |
| Cytoskeleton | The system that consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that exists throughout the ctyoplasm and serves different structural and transportational functions. |
| Exocytosis | Process in which a cell exports materials using vesicles |
| Diffusion | The tendency of a substance to move along its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated one. |
| Cytoplasm | everything in the cell, not including the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with carbohydrates covalently attached to it. Used for chemical recognition. |
| Integral Proteins | Transmembrane proteins, with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophilic interior of the membrane. |
| Mitochondrion | Organelles found in eukaryotic cells that serve as the site of cellular respirtation |
| Desmosomes | a plaquelike site on a cell surface that functions in maintaining cohesion with an adjacent cell. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Part of the ER that does not contain ribosomes. Makes lipids (phospholipids,steroids, hormones, cholesterol), Detoxify poisons or drugs. |
| Tight Junctions | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells |
| Peripheral Protein | A protein on the outside of the cell membrane. |
| Selective Permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others. |
| Turgid | The maximum amount of water in a plant cells vacuole, causing it to expand. |
| peroxisome | cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
| Phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis when large particles are brought into the cell |
| Prokaryotic Cell | a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles found in bacteria and archaea |
| cytosol | the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| plasma membrane | the membrane at the boundary of everycell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical compostition |
| rough er | composed of ribosome studded regions |
| golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER |
| central vacuole | versatile compartment; it is a place to store organic compounds such as the proteins that are stockpiled in the vacuoles of storage cells in seeds. plant cell's main respository of inorganic ions suchs as potassium and chloride. |
| chloroplast | an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| centriole | a structure in an animal cell,l composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets |
| cell wall | protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists |
| plasmodesmata | an open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
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