section 1
About this set
Created by:
sarahbarahh17 on May 22, 2012
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
143 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomical Planes | Sagittal plane-right /left, Coronal plane(frontal), transverse- horizontal cuts off at hips |
| Cytosol | intracellular fluid within cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum(ER) | network of membrane bound tunnels throughout the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes | the site of protein synthesis with in every cell |
| rough ER | particles attached are ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | NO ribosomes attached and stores/releases calcium |
| Functions of sER | lipid synthesis, stores and releases calcium in muscle cells, breakdown of chemicals and drugs |
| Golgi apparatus | flattened membranes, involved in packaging and secretion of proteins |
| nucleus | control center of cell,contains DNA/chromosomes, each cell has a nucleus |
| tissue | group of cells performing the same function |
| organ | structure comprised of 2 or more tissue types, most organs have 4 tissue types |
| organ system | group of organs performing the same function |
| Connective tissue functions | connect structures to each other, provide support and protection, storage |
| ground substance | fluid or salt produced by CT cells |
| extracellular protein fibers | produced by CT cells |
| matrix | extracellular, surrounds the CT cells, made up of ground substance + protein fibers(surround the CT cells) |
| Loose CT | can be distorted without damage, packing material of the body (cushions,packs and supports) |
| Dense CT | fibers and cells packed closely together, cannot be overly distorted without damage, provides strength and supprt |
| Hyaline cartilage | found in joints,reduces friction between bones |
| elastic cartilage | found in places such as the ear and external auditory canal, can be distorted |
| fibrocartilage | found in intervetebral discs, meniscus of knee, resists compression |
| osteocytes | bone cells |
| osteoblasts | produce new bone,mature into osteocytes |
| osteoclasts | involved in bone reabsorbition |
| compact bone | dense and smooth,found in external walls of long bones |
| spongy bone | porous (full of open spaces), found in flat bones and epipysis(ends) of long bones |
| ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| functions of skeletal system | support and protection, storage of bone salts and energy, blood production and movement |
| Diaphysis(long bone) | shaft, made of compact bone tissue |
| Epiphysis(long bone) | end, covered y hyaline cartilahe |
| marrow(long bone) | in center of long bone |
| Ephiphyseal Plate | growth plate or region, at boundary epiphysis & diaphysis, allows bone to lengthen in children |
| yellow marrow | in center of adult long bones,stores fat |
| red marrow | capable of hematopoesis(creation of blood cells) |
| osteon | functional units of mature compact bone |
| cranial bones(the skull) (8) | bones in direct contact with the brain ( frontal,parietal,occipital, temporal,sphenoid and ethmoid) |
| facial bones(the skull)(14) | bones not in direct contact with the brain( zygomatic,maxilla,lacrimal,palatine,nasal,inferior concha,vomer and mandible) |
| 4 sinuses | frontal,ethmoid,maxillary and sphenoid |
| vomer | plow shaped |
| mandible | only bone of skull with moveable joint |
| Hyoid | does not articulate with any other bones, located between mandible and larynx |
| sternum | comprised of 3 portions: manubrium, body and Xiphoid process |
| body (sternum) | middle portion, articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-10 |
| True ribs | ribs 1-7, connects on anterior side directly with sternum via costal cartilage, connects on posterior side w/ thoracic vertebrae |
| False ribs | ribs 8-12, connect indirectly w/ sternum,anterior side w/ costal cartilage above and posterior side with thoracic vertebrae |
| Floating ribs | ribs 11-12, DO NOT connect w/ sternum, connect on posterior side w/ thoracic vertebrae |
| Vertebral Column | encloses and protects spinal cord,supports the head,point of attachment for ribs |
| cervical region | 7 vertebrae. C1-C7 |
| Thoracic Region | 12 vertebrae, T1-T12, vertebrae articulate anteriorly with ribs |
| Lumber Region | 5 vertebrae, L1-L5 |
| Sacral Region | Sacrum: 5 vertebrae fused into 1 bone and Coccyx: 4vertebrae fused into 1 bone |
| Kyphosis | "hunchback" , excessive curvature in thoracic region |
| Lordosis | "swayback", excessive curvature in lumbar region |
| Scoliosis | lateral tilt or curve, more common in women |
| Atlas- C1 | No body, no spinous process, articulates with occipital condyles (allow head nodding motion) |
| Axis-C2 | lies under the atlas |
| Clavicle | s shaped,most commonly broken bone |
| Scapula | articulates with clavicle and humerus, triangle shaped |
| Humerus | only bone in arm |
| Ulna/ Radius | comprise the forearm, Ulna is medial and radius is lateral |
| carpals(wrist) | proximal row: Scaphoid,Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate |
| Carpal tunnel | space between carpal bones & muscle tendons and nerves run through this space |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | tunnel shrinks(tissue swells), resulting in pain/numbness, sensory/motor loss |
| Metacarpals | 5, located in palm |
| Phalanges | 14,fingers |
| Pelvic Girdle | right and left Ossa Coxa bones ONLY |
| Ossa Coxa | formed by 3 fused bones: ilium (superior to other 2 coxal bones), ishium (posterior of 2 inferior coxal bones) and Pubis ( anterior of 2 inferior coxal bones) |
| pelvic inlet | formed by iliym, sacrum and pubic bones |
| pelvic outlet | formed by ischial, pubic and coccygeal bones |
| femur | the thigh, only 1 bone, largest bone in body and it articulates with ossa coxa and tibia |
| patella | protects knee joint but NOT part of joint |
| Tarsals | 7 ankle bones proximal row: calcaneous(heel bone), talus,cuboid, navicular Distal row: lateral cuniform,intermediate cuniform,medial cuniform |
| long bones | compact-type,longer than wider(most bones of the extremeties) |
| short bones | cube shaped, length and width are the same(skull bones, ribs and sternum) |
| irregular bones | EX. ossa coxae and vertebrae |
| Ossification | formation of bones |
| Endochondral (ossification) | formation of bone from hyaline cartilage template( occurs in long bones, helps w/ fracture repair) |
| Intramembranous (ossification) | formation of bone from fibrous connective tissue, (occurs in spongy bones ( helps w/ thickening of long bones and fracture repair |
| Ephiphyseal plate | growth plate, found at boundary between epiphysis and diaphysis |
| periostium | outside the bone/outer surface |
| endosteum | inside the bone/inner surface |
| fracture Hematoma formation | large blood clot that results from extensive bleeding and torn periosteum |
| Fibrocartilagenous callus | periosteum produces new cells which in turn produce fibro cartilage |
| bony callus formation | both endochondrial and intermembranous ossification occur in the disorganized knot |
| remodeling of fracture | occurs over several years |
| Osteoporosis | loss of bone mass, can lead to fractures, common in post meno-pausal and elderly |
| arthritis | damage of articular cartilage |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disease |
| osteoarthritis | wear and tear |
| Articulation | joints between bones, trade-off between degree of movement and stability |
| Synarthrotic joint | immovable |
| Amparthrotic joint | slightly moveable |
| diarthrotic joint | highly moveable, most common(shoulder, elbow, wrist) |
| Planer (type of synovial joint) | least movement, side to side only |
| Hinge (type of synovial joint) | movement on one plane ( open/close door) |
| Pivot (type of synovial joint) | uniaxial , ex. between C1 and C2 vertebrae |
| Saddle (type of synovial joint) | Carpometacarpal of thumb, allows oppsition by thumb |
| Ball and socket (type of synovial joint) | multiaxial movement( movement in 3 planes) ex. coxal |
| Articular cartilages(characteristics of diarthritic joints) | prevents opposing bones fro making direct contact |
| Fibrous cartilage (characteristics of diarthritic joints) | encloses entire joint, dense CT, helps prevent opposing bones in joint fro pulling apart |
| Synovial membrane (characteristics of diarthritic joints) | consists of few layers of CT lining the capsule, produces synovial fluid |
| Brusa (characteristics of diarthritic joints) | fluid filled sac found around most synovial joints |
| pateller ligament(knee joint) | leads from patella, attaches to tibial tuberosity |
| collateral ligaments (knee joint) | on ether side, limit movement of joint from side to side |
| Meniscus (knee joint) | pad of C-shaped fibro cartilage, cushion |
| cruciate ligaments (knee joint) | deep w/in knee joint, cross from medial to lateral forming an x shape, limit anterior and posterior movement |
| anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | prevents hypertension of knee |
| Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL) | prevents hyperflexion of knee |
| Abduction | movement away from body |
| Adduction | movement (adding) towards body |
| flexion | bending a joint |
| extension | straightening a joint |
| hyperextension | extension beyond anatomical position |
| rotation | pivoting bone on longitudinal axis |
| lateral rotation | anterior surface turns laterally |
| medial rotation | anterior surface turns medially |
| inversion | sole of foot turns medially |
| eversion | sole of foot turns laterally |
| dorsiflexion | toes pointing up |
| plantarflexion | toes pointing down |
| depression | inferior movement |
| elevation | superior movement |
| pronation | medial rotation of forearm, plam faces posterior |
| supination | lateral rotation of forearm, palm faces anterior ( anatomic position) |
| Squamous (cell shape) | flat |
| cuboidal (cell shape) | 3D, square |
| Columnar (cell shape) | taller than wider |
| Simple (# of cell layers) | single layer |
| Stratified (cell shape) | more than one layer |
| Cillia | cell extensions on apical(exposed) surfaces, move in one direction, |
| Cutaneous Membrane (skin) | largest organ in the body, has 2 layers: epidermis and Dermis |
| Subcutaneous Layer | hypodermis, deep to dermis |
| epidermis | consists of epithelial tissue, avascular, no nerve supply,4-5 distinct layers |
| Stratum Basale (epidermal layers) | deepest layer- in contact w/ dermis,single layer of cells, only layer capable of cell division, contains melanocytes |
| Melanocyte | produce brown pigment(melanin), melanin absorbs energy from UV light, prevent damage to DNA |
| Stratum Spinosum (epidermal layers) | several layers, thick,cells begin to produce keratin(insoluble protein that protects the body from water loss) |
| Stratum Granulosum (epidermal layers) | multilayered, cells are deep |
| Stratum Lucidum (epidermal layers) | 4th layer |
| Stratum Corneum (epidermal layers) | most superficial layer,many layers are flattened/ dead cells, number of layers depends on region of body |
| Dermis | 3 tissue types ( CT,Muscle& nervous), blood supply and nerves, vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| Vasoconstriction | diameter narrows, blood is shunted away from outside of body ( conserves heat in the blood when we are cold) |
| Vasodilation | diameter increases, more blood forced to the outside so excess heat can be lost |
| Subcutaneous layer(hypodermis) | below dermis,consists of CT and fat tissue |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.