Bio Final Part 3. DNA and RNA/Protein Synthesis
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| transciption | RNA is produced from the DNA instructions; message from the DNA is copied on the mRNA in the nucleus |
| RNA primase | An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA replication. |
| promoter sequence | a specific DNA sequence before a gene sequence, which binds RNA polymerase to indicate where to start transcribing RNA. (Gene regulation in eukaryotes) |
| terminator sequence | Sequence of bases at the end of a gene that signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing |
| elongation | addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain; continues until it reaches a stop codon |
| termination | stop of mRNA synthesis (i.e., transcription) at the terminator site |
| initiation | DNA replication is initiated when helicase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the base pairs together and the DNA uncoils. |
| mG cap | Prevents destruction of mRNA and is attachment on ribosome |
| poly A tail | A string of several hundred adenine nucletodies added to the 3' end of the eukaryotic mRNA. |
| RNA editing | post-transcriptional insertion, deletion, or alteration of bases in the mRNA. |
| mRNA splicing | In eukaryotic cells, the process of excising intorns from a primary RNA transcript and joining together exons to form a final mRNA molecule |
| introns | Long segments of nucleotides that have no coding information |
| exons | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
| translation | (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| ribosome | small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
| endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified |
| P site | Peptidyl-tRNA site; the stie on a ribosome where the growing peptide (attached to a tRNA) is found during translation. |
| A site | Amino-acyl tRNA site; the site on a ribosome where a new amino acid is added to a growing peptide. |
| start codon | specific codon (AUG) that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at that point |
| stop codon | specific codons that signal the end of translation to a ribosome |
| codons | three-nucleotide sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| anticodons | Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA |
| genetic code | sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
| polypeptide / protein | ... |
| protein folding | The physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil. |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| nitrogenous base | an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
| nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| amino acid | organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group |
| point mutations | gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| substitutions | one nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide, resulting in a new codon |
| insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
| deletion | the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome |
| missense mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. |
| nonsense mutation | A point mutation in which a condon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a stop (nonsense) codon. |
| silent mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a new codon that specifies the same amion acid. |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| chromosomal mutations | changes in a DNA sequence that affect an entire chromosome or multiple chromosomes |
| deletion | (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene. |
| duplication | change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated |
| inversion | (genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed |
| translocation | change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
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