Gumbert Spring Final Vocab
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purplegelpen50 on May 23, 2012
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169 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Harrappan Civilization | the earliest civilization in India; had super organized streets and standardized brick sizes |
| Aryan "Invasion" | When the Aryans came to India and brought the idea of the Vedas with them |
| Vedas | The basis of Hinduism; the books Hinduism is based on |
| Upanishads | The key book in the Vedas; tells people how to live morally |
| Karma | Learning lessons over time |
| Reincarnation | Being reborn |
| Caste system: Varnas / Jatis | Hierarchical way Indian society was organized: the name for it in general/each different one |
| Brahmins | Highest caste; |
| Kshatriyas | Second highest caste; most financially lucrative |
| Vaisyas | Third highest caste |
| Sudras | Lowest caste |
| Untouchables | Group of people outside the caste system |
| Buddhism | Reinvention of Hinduism; it's more relaxed and like "hinduism on your own terms" |
| Siddharta Gautama | Creator of Buddhism |
| Four noble truths | The basis of Buddhism: All life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, stop desiring, the eight-fold path to stop desiring |
| Mauryan empire | Empire that had the spread of Buddhism in it (Ashoka writing on pillars) |
| Ashoka the great | Leader who wrote moral codes on great stone pillars |
| Hindu Revival | Hinduism is redone so that it's easier for the everyday person to actually worship/be a good Hindu |
| Gupta empire | Empire responsible for Hindu revival |
| Brahma | The ultimate goal in Hinduism; enlightenment |
| Shiva | God of destruction/renewal |
| Vishnu | God of preservation |
| Rama | The protagonist in the Ramayana |
| Ramayana | Story of Rama; teaches the core values of bravery and loyalty |
| Krishna | Human incarnation of Vishnu; beloved by Hindus |
| Bhagavad Gita | Story that tells people of all of the values of Hinduism |
| Mughal empire | Babar, Akbar the great, period of religious tolerance and beautiful architechture (Taj Mahal); Empire that helped ease Muslim and Hindu tensions (even though the final ruler screwed everything up and erased all the progress); India's "golden age" because of all the art and acceptance |
| Babar | Muslim mercenary who takes over India but has tolerance for Hindus; loves art |
| Akbar the great | Grandson of Babar; continues tolerance for Hindus and encourages good relations (ie has Hindu wives); puts Hindus in government and gets rid of Jizya (tax on Hindus) |
| British East India Company | 1617-1857; company that had a monopoly on India for a long time; indians suffered under them |
| Sepoy mutiny | 1857; Indians in GB military are told to use bullets that have pig/cow fat on them; also offends Muslims; they all rebel and refuse to use the weapons; some GB people are killed which makes GB HATE India a ton |
| Mohndas Gandhi | Leader of Indian independence from GB and equality for all Indians; he was a Hindu; protested peacefully and led notable protests such as the Salt March in 1930 and the Quit India Movement in 1942 |
| Amritsar massacre | 1919; General Dyer sends his troops into a square and kills a ton of innocent Indians because there was a new law that they weren't supposed to be there but the Indians didn't know; makes Indians really mad but they are peaceful about it which sends the world a message |
| Salt March | 1930; Indians cannot make their own salt and have to buy it with a really heavy tax from GB companies; Gandhi leads a slow march down to the Indian Ocean in which a lot of people join him and a lot of press covers it; hurts GB economically and also brings world attention to the Indian plight |
| Quit India movement | 1942; controversial campaign that the Indians would not fight for GB in WWII unless they were given their independence; begins to make people lose faith in Gandhi |
| Indira Gandhi | 1960s and 1970s; woman who controlled India and made many important modernizations during the Emergency Period that have allowed India to prosper |
| Emergency Period | 1975-77; when Indira Gandhi was not able to run for president, she suspended the democracy so that she could keep ruling; she did good things like improving education and the green movement (improving agriculture), but she also suspended India's democracy and had a controversial sterilization campaign |
| Green Revolution | 1970s; Indira Gandhi's agricultural campaign that put in more irrigation and better seeds/fertilizer; allowed India to be self-sufficient with grains etc. |
| Sonia Gandhi | Current member of the INC who has the potential to become PM |
| Dalits | Another word for untouchables; now they have an affirmative action program |
| Zhong guo | Term for China; means Middle Kingdom |
| Sinocize | To make things Chinese |
| Confucius/Kung Fu Tzu | Founder of Confucianism; says that people respond to a moral leader; emphasizes being a gentleman and being good to your family and people around you |
| Filial Piety | Being faithful and good to your parents |
| Analects | Book of Confucious' practices/teachings |
| Han Fei Tzu | Founder of legalism |
| Legalism | Type of thought penned by Han Fei Tzu; says that people respond to reward and punishment |
| Lao Tzu | Founder of Taoism |
| Taoism | People don't really need government; they'll do the right thing and it's all chill; becomes more of a religion |
| Qin Shih huang Ti (the first emperor) | He unifies China in 661 BC by standardizing language and building Great Wall of China and the canal to connect the two rivers; he was a staunch legalist and tried to destroy Confucianism |
| Mandate of heaven | How power was changed; with every natural disaster, it is a sign from god that the power needs to be handed off |
| Tribute system | China had a lot of vassal states; they give China money and women and goods in exchange for teachings from China because China is the greatest nation in China |
| Zheng He | 1400s; convinces the emperor to start an armada and he goes around and explores but then the new emperor is too haughty and doesn't think China needs to explore so he shuts down the program; ends up isolating China and putting them behind a lot of other nations |
| Cohongs | 1600s; trading cartels in Canton; response to western pressure to open up borders; only allows people to come certain times of the year and they can only be in Canton; makes the people there super rich and they manipulate prices of tea |
| MacCartney Mission | 1793; trying to get better trade deals with China because tea is so expensive; ends up as a failure; the Chinese government just snubs them |
| Lin Tse Hsu (the "drug tsar") | After the Europeans have gotten the Chinese addicted to opium, this guy tries to fix it. He tries writing a letter to GB but they either don't get it or ignore it. He burns all the opium and makes it illegal which pisses off the British so they launch the first opium war. |
| 1st and 2nd Opium Wars | 1839-1842 and 1857-1860; wars that are West vs. China over the sale of opium; Westerners completely destroy China both times and China is put into a HUGE debt |
| Extraterritoriality | citizens of one country in a different country only have to follow the laws of their own country (not the laws of the country they're in) |
| Qing Dynasty | 1644-1911; dynasty of Manchurians who led China during the century of shame |
| Taiping Rebellion | 1850-1864; led by Hung Hsu Chuan who claims he is "God's Chinese son"; rebelled against confucianism, westerners, manchurians, basically everything; 20-30 million people die by the time the rebellion is squashed |
| Hung Hsu Chuan (God's Chinese Son) | Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; crazy anti-everything opium addict |
| Cixi (empress dowager) | 1835 -1908; woman who gives the emperor his only son so she gets power; she's kind of crazy and does anything to stay in power; she basically ruined China by keeping it from modernizing |
| Self Strengthening Movement | 1862-1874; Cixi sends out young people into the world to see what is making other countries successful; when they tell her the most important thing is democracy, she gets mad and shuts off China from the rest of the world because she doesn't want to lose her power |
| Sino-Japanese War | 1894-1895; Japan invades Korea so China tries to help Korea keep its independence but China gets slaughtered because Cixi decides to try to beat China artistically and culturally since they can't militarily and refuses to update the military; huge humiliation for China because they have to admit Korea is now Japan's vassal |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1900; peasants are convinced that China is failing because of the westerners/foreigners so they go out and slaughter 250 western missionaries; Cixi sides with the Boxers and so when the western armies brutally slaughter them, China has to pay billions of dollars and can't have weapons anymore |
| 100 Days Reform | 1898; Quangxu (the son of Cixi) finally becomes old enough to rule; he tries to modernize the civil service exam and put in a democracy but his mom (Cixi) declares him insane and retakes her power |
| Quangxu | Cixi's son who tried to modernize China in 1898 but was only declared insane and not allowed to help rule China |
| Puyi | The last emperor; takes power in 1908 after Cixi dies; he is basically always a puppet; he is put into power in Manchuria when the Japanese annex it in 1932 |
| Sun Yat Sen | Nationalist founder of the Republic of China and KMT; he is elected president in 1912 but he doesn't really know how to implement his ideas even though he has good ones; ends up losing power to a general who puts China back in the phase of warlords |
| KMT | The Nationalist party of China founded by Sun Yat Sen and primarily represented by Chiang Kai Shek |
| CCP | Formed 1927; the communist party of China founded by Mao Ze Dong; took power in 1949 and is still in power today |
| Warlords | 1912-1927; after Sun Yat Sen loses power, China is divided into a bunch of little kingdoms that one ruler has in his own control; ends when Chiang Kai Shek takes over the KMT and reestablishes the ROC |
| Mao Tse Tung | The leader of the CCP who takes power over China in 1949; he did both bad (100 Flower, Cultural Revolution, Great Leap Forward) and good things (womens rights, improved literacy/conditions of poor) for China but primarily bad; redefines Communism to work for China |
| Chiang Kai Shek | Leader of the KMT who took over the government in 1927; he spent all of his time and money killing off communists when he should have focused on Japan; had the support of the US |
| Manchukou | 1932; Japanese name for the place that Japan takes over Manchuria and puts Puyi as emperor |
| Long March | 1934-1935; 6000 mile retreat of the CCP from the KMT army; makes Mao's name; not that many people survive it; made peasants support/love the CCP |
| Rape of Nanjing | 1937; 100,000-250,000 innocent people killed by Japanese troops coming into China; when Chiang finally realizes that the Japanese are the real threat |
| Land Reform | Mao's program to give the peasants land; they redivide the land and redistribute it among the peasants; the point where everyone is labeled as "peasant" or "land lord" which dictates their families legacy/future life |
| 100 Flowers | 1957; Mao invited people to speak out against the government because he thought they would only have positive things to say but then they ended up saying things that he didn't like |
| Great Leap Forward | late 1950s to early 1960s; Mao wants to catch up with other great powers industrially so he has people work in huge cooperatives and try to make their own steel in their backyards; the whole thing is a MASSIVE failure because all of the steel is below grade; 20 M people die in a famine because the grain output is over exported |
| Cultural Revolution | 1966-1976; Mao feels he is losing control of the government because pragmatists are gaining support so he tells young adolescents to go a destroy "the four olds" which is basically anything they want; they torture and kill and harass teachers and intellectuals and destroy historic relics and don't get an education; in the end they are banished to the countryside when Mao doesn't want them anymore which wastes their lives; 400,000 people die |
| Little Red Book | The book containing Mao's quotations; important to youth during the Cultural Revolution |
| Red Guards | Youth during the cultural revolution who were given extreme power to do whatever they wanted to all ages of people; caused a lot of violence and cultural items to be destroyed |
| Gang of Four | Four super leftist politicians led by Mao's wife that try to get rid of Deng after Mao died and take over the government but they fail |
| Deng Xiaoping | Pragmatist who revolutionized China's economy; has control of government by 1978; he puts in capitalist economic elements but is a staunch social conservative; SEZs vs. Tiananmen Square; made GDP per capita increase 400% |
| SEZ's | Special zones that Deng put into China to increase trade and productivity; they worked |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre | 1989; people are protesting in the streets when government in China under Deng just goes out and shoots people; world is shocked |
| Hu Jintao | Current president of China |
| fertile crescent | Region of Middle East where ancient civilizations flourished; between Tigress and Euphrates rivers |
| cuneiform | Ancient type of writing used by civilizations in the Middle East |
| hammurabi's code | Set of 282 laws that were the first of their kind; written in the 1700s BC; told people what to do in all kinds of situations |
| torah | Set of 636 laws about living; received 1500 BC; canonized 200 BC-100 AD; basis of Judaism |
| talmud | Interpretations of the torah; gets rid of controversial parts; compiled 200-700 AC |
| covenant | Agreement that lasts forever; between God and Abraham that Abraham and his people will always worship God in return for God giving Abraham his own people |
| diaspora | 70 CE; when the Jews are driven out of Jerusalem by the Romans; when Jewish people get spread all over the world |
| Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born in 570 CE and received messages from Allah in 600s; after he makes Medina influential he spread Islam throughout the world; what he transmitted from God was made into the Koran; the prophet's practices are written into the Hadith |
| Mecca | City in current day Saudi Arabia that was the ancient economic and religious hub of the world; contains the Kaaba and Muslims go on their Haaj there |
| Kaaba | The large block that is located in Mecca that is really important to Muslims; they visit it on their Haaj |
| Koran | The religious book of Islam; all of the words that Muhammad transmitted from God |
| Hijra | When Muhammad went to Medina in 622 CE; he makes them influential and they take over Mecca; makes people believe in Allah/Islam |
| 5 pillars | Parts of Islam: Sahada, Salat, Zakat, Haaj, Ramadan Fasting, |
| caliph | Rulers of ancient Islamic world before it was divided into Shia and Sunni; during their rule, it was the golden age of Iran |
| Abu Bakar | The first caliph and a close friend of Muhammad who helped him write down the Koran |
| Shia | The minority of Muslims; believe in the bloodline; after 12th Imam disappears, they put Ayatollahs in power |
| Ayatollah | The person the Shia respect; has a lot of power in Iran |
| Sunni | The majority of Muslims; believe that merit is more important; follow combination of Koran and Hadith (Sunna) |
| Hadith | Book of Muhammad's traditions/practices that is combined with the Koran to develop Sunna which is what Sunnis follow |
| Sunna | Combination of the Koran and Hadith that Sunni muslims follow |
| Dome of the Rock | Mosque located in Jerusalem that is important to Muslims; Muhammad was said to have jumped off of the rock inside the mosque during his midnight flight |
| Sharia | Muslims court system |
| Ottoman Empire | 1299-1923; collapsed 16th and 17th century; took over the Middle East during its rule; GB and France divided its territory after WWI |
| Wahhabism | Extreme Muslimism that came around in the 17th century; strict adherence to the Koran and Hadith; originated in Saudi Arabia and supports terrorist organizations |
| Pan-Arabism | Advocating for an all-Arab nation; all about Arab nationalism |
| Suez Canal | 1869; built by the French and British; British told Egyptians that they would get half the ownership of it but basically stole it away from them before the Egyptians could profit off of it. |
| Mandates | When a country is not a colony or annexed by another country but it is just being trained as to how to be a good country with a strong government by another country; Iran was this under GB |
| Zionism | Strong Jewish ties; wanting to return to Jerusalem and get a Jewish state; more of a political movement; started around 1800s by Theodore Herzl |
| McMahon Letters | 1915; letters from GB to PLO saying that they would try to help them create an Arab state (but doesn't really promise that they'll get Palestine or anything) |
| Sykes-Picot Agreement | 1916; letters between France and GB that they would split the Ottoman territories after WWII ended; only agreement that held up |
| Balfour Declaration | 1917; letter where GB basically tells World Zionist Organization that they will try to give them Jerusalem but they don't actually promise to give them all of it/any of it |
| UN partition plan | 1947; GB can't deal with all of the broken agreements it made so it gives the whole mess to the UN; Jerusalem is under UN control which makes both Palestinians and Israelis unhappy because they want more land in addition to what they got and they also want Jerusalem |
| 1948 war | War of independence launched right after the UN gave up control of the Middle East; Israelis have a big army and are organized so they grab a bunch of land (as do Jordan and other countries) which creates 700,000 Palestinian refugees |
| Suez Crisis | 1956; Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal because his country is suffering economically and he thinks it will help the economy; makes GB and France invade with help from Israel; Israel wins the Sinai peninsula but GB and France can't beat Egypt; UN makes Israel give back Sinai peninsula and makes them all leave Egypt alone |
| Nasser | Leader of Egypt in the 1950s who nationalizes the canal and has issues with Israel |
| 6 day war | 1967; in response to Nasser's threats, Israel launches a preemptive attack against them to try to protect themselves. They get buffer zones like Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula. |
| Yom Kippur War | 1973; war has become a regular thing over the land between Egypt and Israel; on Yom Kippur a lot of Israeli soldiers aren't at the bases because it's a holiday so Egypt launches an attack; they almost get all of Israel but Israel gets its act together and fights back and almost captures Cairo but the UN stops them; scares Israel because they almost lost their country and frustrates Egyptians because they can't beat Israel |
| West Bank and Gaza | Two controversial parts of the Middle East that are contested over by Israelis and Palestinians |
| Camp David Peace Accords | 1979; peace talks between Egypt and Israel that took place in the US; Egypt recognizes Israel and Israel gives back the Sinai peninsula because they no longer need a buffer zone |
| Arafat | Leader of the PLO starting in 1969 |
| PLO | The group that advocates for the Palestinians; led by Yasser Arafat |
| Intifada | 1987-1991; starts when Israeli tank runs over two Muslim girls; not that many people die in it but it makes the Israelis look like cruel killers and makes the Palestinians look like bullied victims |
| Oslo Peace Accords | 1993; after the first intifada; Israel and PLO have mutual recognition and Israel promises to start giving land to Palestinians |
| Al Asqa Intifada | 2000-2005; after Palestinians reject Israels offer of land to try to appease them, this starts; both sides feel like the victim so it takes forever for it to end; like 3000 Muslims died (a lot of kids) which makes them feel like victims; not as many Israelis died but it feels like a lot of their small population (3x the number of people as in 9-11) |
| Pahlavi Dynasty | Starts in Iran in 1921 with Reza Shah; seen as a puppet dynasty of US |
| Great Game | Britain and Russia's competition to try to get central asia/middle east in the early 1900s |
| Muhammed Reza Shah | The son of Reza Shah; he was seen as an American puppet; he appealed to the urban elite but not the pious poor at all |
| Mossadegh | Leader who appeals to the pious poor of Iran; he takes over from Muhammed Reza Shah but is then kicked out in a coup by the CIA |
| Operation Ajax | 1953; the CIA wants to put Mossadegh out of power and put Muhammed Reza Shah back in power so they stage a military coup |
| White Revolution | 1961; the US plan to try to secularize Iran; it fails miserably because it just makes Iranians unhappy and uncomfortable because the new laws make their old way of life illegal (ie like women wearing head scarves) |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | Religious figure in Iran who ends up taking political power there as well; he retakes power in 1979 from Muhammed Reza Shah after September Riots in 1978; encouraged fundamentalism and hated US |
| Iran Iraq war | 1980; war caused by cultural conflict, personal conflict between leaders, and conflict over the piece of land called Shaat Al Arab which Iran had control over but Iraq wanted control over to be able to get to the Red Sea to export their oil; Iran wins the war eventually because they ahve US support and Iraq goes over 80 B dollars into debt; 1 M people died and oil infrastructure was destroyed but nothing even changed |
| Ayatollah Khamenei | The new Ayatollah after Khomeini who is not as charismatic and is very strict and censors things and keeps political reforms from happening so the young people (2/3 of population under 25 years old) really dislike him |
| President Ahmadinjad | Engineer who becomes the president in 2005; he says he'll improve the living conditions of the poor but he doesn't actually do it so he takes a mask of extreme Islam instead which makes the urban elite even more unhappy |
| The Green Movement | 2009; Mousavi advocates for the urban elite and greater freedom; they are convinced he will win the election but when he doesn't, huge riots/ protests of over 3 M people break out because the elite feel they've been cheated/scammed |
| First Persian Gulf War | 1990; Iraq invades Kuwait because they want oil from them and don't want to have to pay back their debt; they easily take over Kuwait so the world (primarily the US) invade Kuwait and quickly get Iraq out of there; makes US think that war is easy and bloodless |
| Operation Desert Storm | 1990; UN organized and primarily US supported invasion of Kuwait to get Iraq out of Kuwait; they bomb for a month and then after only 100 hours they drive Iraqis out of Kuwait; makes US see war as quick and bloodless even though in reality a ton of Iraqis died |
| UN coalition | Group of countries all against Iraq invading Kuwait |
| Al Qaeda | Organization founded in 1980s in Afghanistan by Osama Bin Laden to organize the Mujahadeen; later becomes very influential by backing the Taliban and allowing them to win the civil war from 1989-1997 |
| Osama bin Laden | Leader of Afghanistan indirectly; leader of Al Qaeda; supporter of terrorism and fundamentalist Islam because he hates the US |
| Mujahadeen | The army that Osama Bin Laden organizes in Afghanistan in the 1980s against the USSR when they invade Afghanistan; made up of Muslims from all over the world |
| Shinto | The religion of Japan that the emperor's power is based off of; emphasizes family |
| Bushido | The sacred text of Shinto; like the Analects of Confucianism but gives more power to the emperor and samurai; the text of the samurai |
| Samurai | The highest class in Japan's old feudal system; originally warriors but during the period of peace in the Meiji Restoration, began doing things like flower arranging |
| Daimyo | The small ruling kingdoms that were part of feudalism in Japan |
| Shogun | The emperor's "right hand"; basically made the emperor a puppet and took all the power for themselves |
| Tokugawa Iayasu | Man who unified Japan and allowed them to enter a period of peace |
| Centralized Fuedalism | The system of ruling Tokugawa Iayasu put into place; there were a lot of small daimyos but they all had to report back to him in a complicated system that got rid of corruption |
| Commodore Perry | Man who goes into Japan in 1853 and basically makes them give us a trade agreement |
| Meiji Restoration | 1868-1912; they restore the power of the emperor and then go on to modernize Japan and bring it up to speed militarily and industrially with the rest of the world |
| Oligarchy | When a group of people rule a country as a group |
| Satsuma Rebellion | 1877; mark of the end of the Samurai class in Japan; a samurai tries to rebel against the new system of government that basically gives him no special privledges but is quickly put down |
| Zaibatsu | When the government has outside companies build/develop its technologies instead of the government doing it itself; makes a lot of money and improves economy |
| Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere | Japan's politically correct name for when it conquered all of the land around it like Manchuria and Korea during its imperial stage in the 1900s |
| Post WWII (2nd) Economic Miracle | In Japan, all of their infrastructure (esp. factories) got destroyed after WWII and Korean War so they have to rebuild everything more modern. They also encourage saving money and overvaluing land and invest in producing high tech lucrative products |
| Economic bubble | 1980s; the type of economy japan had where everything was overvalued; it burst in 1989 when the emperor died and 2 PM fell to scandal |
| Taliban | Government of Afghanistan backed by Al Qaeda that took power in 1997 and ruled until 2001; responsible for terrorism |
| Operation Enduring Freedom | 2001; bombing of Afghanistan to try to kill Osama Bin Laden when Taliban won't hand Bin Laden over to US; Taliban ends up falling that same year |
| Second Persian Gulf War | 2003-2011; the "war on terrorism"; we say it's because they have weapons of mass destruction but it's more because of the oil and we don't like Saddam Hussein; however, UN doesn't back US this time so it's mostly us against Iraq; Saddam Hussein is captured in 2003 and killed in 2006 but Iraq is still so messed up because of violence between religious groups that the US has to stay there and deal with it |
| Bush Doctrine | 2002; allows us to enter the 2nd persian gulf war because it says that if the US thinks a country has a threat (like weapons of mass destruction in the case of iraq) we can invade them in self-defense |
| Arab Spring | 2011; starting in Tunisia when a fruit vendor lit himself on fire in protest against the horrible economic conditions and the corruption in his country; a lot of countries followed suit, a lot of times about religious or social conflict in addition to economic unhappiness |
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