| Term | Definition |
| Historiography | A study of the procedures that different historians use in their research; also a study of the changing revisions and interpretations of the past. |
| Grounded theory | Qualitative procedures that are used to develop detailed concepts or conditional propositions for situations; also, summaries of facts. |
| Ex post facto research | Research that investigates events that have already occurred and implies a cause-and-effect relationship from the results. |
| Ethnography | A description and interpretation of a culture, social group, or system. |
| Emergent design | A research plan in which each step depends on the results of the field data obtained in the previous step. |
| Descriptive research | Refers to research that describes an existing or past phenomenon in quantitative terms. |
| Case study | Qualitative research that examines a bounded system over time in detail, employing multiple sources of data found in the setting. |
| Basic research | Research that tests or refines theory; not designed to be applied immediately to practice. |
| Analytical research | An analysis of documents to investigate historical concepts and events. |
| Action research | studies undertaken by practitioners in schools that address an actual problem or issue in the school or classroom. |