| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Indulgences | A printed document that individuals could buy to lessen their years in purgatory. |
| John Wycliffe | English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384). |
| Jan Hus | A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was executed for heresy. |
| Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. |
| Charles V | A Habsburg emperor who inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandfather Maximilian I. |
| Zwingli | A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy. |
| John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion. |
| Predestination | The belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power. |
| Elizabeth I | The English queen that re-established Protestantism, and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Her rival was Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots). |
| Loyola | Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). |
| Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; resisted the spread of Protestantism. |
| Council of Trent | The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities met to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants. |
| Sola Fide | The belief that faith alone will save you. |
| Sola Scriptura | The belief that the bible is the sole source of the Christian doctrine. |
| Sola Gratia | The belief that everybody is equal in God's eyes. |
| Transubstantiation | During mass, the bread and wine actually turns into the body and blood of Christ. |
| Consubstantiation | During mass, the bread and wine turns into both the body and blood of Christ, yet still remains bread and wine. |
| Symbolic | During mass, the bread and wine only represents the body and blood of Christ. It does not transform at all, and it is not both. |
| Calvinism | Protestant sect that emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination. They supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state. |
| Presbyteries | Elected ministers or laymen that run churches. |
| Servetus | Spanish heretic burned to death for heresy. He was an anti-trinitarian. |
| Trinity | Three Gods in one. Father, Son, Holy Ghost. |
| Anabaptists | A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. |
| John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) |
| Guise Family | Catholic family, had the loyalty of Paris and northern and northwestern France, support from the papacy and support from the Jesuits. |
| Thomas A. Kempis | German ecclesiastic. Wrote "Imitation of Christ." |
| Erasmus | Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. The folly guy. |
| Avignon Papacy | Period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome |
| Simony | The illegal selling of church offices. |
| Pluralism | Owning 2+ church offices. |
| Nepotism | Giving a church office to a relative. |
| Conciliar Movement | The belief that the Catholic Church should be led by councils of cardinals rather than popes. |
| Duke of Saxony | The man who protects Luther when Charles V wants him dead. |
| Eucharist | a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine. |
| Unam Sanctam | The Latin for popes are better than kings. (1302) |
| Peasants War | Period in which peasants revolted against land owners. 70,000 to 100,000 were killed after Luther said, "Smite, slay, and stab!" |
| Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by HRE Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. |
| Diet of Speyer | A gathering of German princes who protested the Catholic Church's decisions regarding Luther. |
| Confession of Augsburg | The main writings of Lutheranism; written by Philip Melanchthon. |
| Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. |
| Whose realm, his religion | Cuius regio, eius religio. |
| Marburg Colloquy | (1529) The Protestants failed to make an alliance or agreement with the Lutherans, "shattering of Protestantism." |
| Institutes of Christian Religion | The blueprint for Calvinism, and how to spread religion easily. (1536) |
| Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. |
| Anabaptists | They took over Mūnster in 1534-1535. Convert or Flee! |
| John of Leyden | He led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of Mūnster. He claimed to "receive his power from God." |
| Antitrinitans | Denied Christ's holiness, and wanted a less mystical religion. They followed a conceptual example of the church. |
| Leo X | Pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther. |
| Schmalkaldic League | Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Iconoclasm | The attacking of widely accepted ideas and beliefs. |
| Catherine of Aragon | Wife of Henry VIII who wanted a divorce so he could marry Anne. Their daughter was Mary Tudor. |
| Anne Boleyn | The second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I. |
| Recusants | Those who refused to attend regular Sunday services at their parish churches; were fined heavily by Elizabethean government. |
| Philip II | Son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy, Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223). |
| Battle of Lepanto | Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope. |
| Duke of Alva | Man sent by Phillip II to pacify Netherlands, establishes Council of Blood. |
| Cranmer | Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote the Book of Common Prayer. |
| Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) |
| Huguenot | Term for French Calvinists. |
| Council of Troubles | Reign of terror under Duke of Alva, resistance forced to organize. |
| Habsburg Valois Wars | Wars between the French and Germans when the French returned to Italy. |
| Catherine de Medici | Was the wife of Henry II. She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). |
| Francis II | Husband of Mary Queen of Scots, controlled by mother. |
| Charles IX | Son of Henry II whose reign was dominated by his mother. |
| Henry III | Assassinated Henry of Guise, he was assassinated by a crazed monk. |
| Admiral de Coligny | Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion. |
| Henry of Navarre | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. Also Henry IV. "Paris is well worth a mass." |
| Catholic League | Private army of Catholic assembled by the Guise Family in 1576. |
| Politiques | Believed that religion wasn't above politics and no civil war was worth a religious truth. |
| Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Slaughter of Huguenots in Paris as ordered by the Catholic queen of France in 1572. |
| Edict of Nantes | Document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots in 1598. |
| Defenestration of Prague | The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. |
| Peace of Westphalia | The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. |
| Edict of Restitution | All Catholic property that had been seized by Protestants since 1552 had to me returned. In Danish Phase of war. |
| Albrecht von Wallenstein | He raised large armies to help the HRE. He started to become more powerful than Ferdinand II. |
| Palatinate | Little islands. Ruler is an elector. Frederick IV. |
| Frederick IV | Formed Protestant union in 1608, Winter King. |
| Catholic League | Formed by Maximillian (Bavaria) in 1609 in response to the Protestant union. |
| 1648 | When the Thirty Years' War ended. |
| Bohemian | King wanted individuals to be Catholic. Closed some Protestant churches. Nobles resist 1618. All in the ________ Phase of the Thirty Years' War. |
| Ferdinand II | Bohemian King / HRE |
| Battle of White Mountain | Ferdinand II v. Frederick IV (1620). Ferdinand II wanted to invade Bohemia. |
| Danish | King Christian IV raised an army to fight HRE in the ______ Phase of the Thirty Years' War. |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles. |
| Swedish | Troops under Gustavus Adolphus. Fought not just for money, but for faith. Won at Breitenfeld (1631) and Lutzen (1632) all in the _______ Phase of the Thirty Years' War. |
| Ferdinand II | This person became "frazzled" when he saw he was losing. He wanted to recall Wallenstein, but assassinated him instead. |
| 1634 | Swedish / Protestants defeated, Protestant princes declare peace. |
| Devastation of Germany | 1/3 of the German population was killed. |
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