World History Exam II
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172 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What was one of John Calvin's major teachings? | predestination |
| The study of classical texts caused humanists to focus on what subject? | human potential and achievements |
| Who was the important Catholic Reformer who founded the Jesuit order? | Ignatius of Loyola |
| The Peace of Augsburg ended a war between the supporters of which two groups? | Catholic and Protestant German princes |
| What was the main reason for Henry VIII's split with the Roman Catholic Church? | his desire for a male heir |
| What were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More? | Christian humanists |
| For what is the Medici family famous? | for being rulers and supporters of the arts |
| Which of the following was one of Luther's main beliefs? | All people with faith were equal. |
| Which idea of Luther's most influenced John Calvin? | Humans cannot earn a place in heaven |
| Luther protested the practice of selling indulgences. What was that practice? | The clergy sold pardons that released people from performing penalties for their sins. |
| Why was block printing more useful in Europe than in China? | European languages had a smaller number of characters than Chinese. |
| What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? | art and learning |
| Which of the following was agreed upon at the Council of Trent? | The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. |
| He encouraged religious tolerance in the Mughal Empire and presided over a great cultural and artistic age. | Akbar |
| Christian boys were taken as slaves, converted to Islam, and turned into warriors and government officials as part of this Ottoman policy. | devshirme |
| He built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. | Shah Jahan |
| This interaction of two or more cultures produces new languages and new ideas in art, religion, and society. | cultural blending |
| This was the term for a warrior for Islam who belonged to a military society with a strict code of conduct. | ghazi |
| He drew from many cultural influences and reformed civilian and military life in the Safavid Empire. | Shah Abbas |
| This Shi'a warrior led the Safavids to conquer what is now Iran. | Isma'il |
| This Central Asian conqueror interrupted the growth of the Ottoman Empire. | Timur the Lame |
| Artists from many cultures worked together in this capital city of the Safavid Empire. | Esfahan |
| Mehmed II was able to conquer this Byzantine city using cannons and military strategy. | Constantinople |
| Which European country was the first to import enslaved Africans to the Americas? | Spain |
| Why did Europeans see Africans as a better a source of labor than Native Americans? | Africans were strangers in the Americas, so they wouldn't have allies or places to hide. |
| What did the encomienda system provide for New Spain? | cheap labor source |
| What was the main economic activity in New France? | building a fur trade |
| What was the purpose of most of the joint-stock companies of the 1500s and 1600s? | funding colonies int he Americas |
| What prompted a wave of new businesses and trade practices in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries? | new wealth from the Americas and the growth in overseas trade |
| Who conquered the Aztec empire? | Hernando Cortés |
| As part of the Columbian Exchange, which of the following was carried west across the Atlantic? | rum |
| Which of the following areas was originally founded as a settlement by the Dutch? | new york |
| Where in the Americas did Christopher Columbus land first? | an island in the Caribbean Sea |
| In general, the philosophes believed in which of the following? | progress for society |
| The philosophes influenced Catherine the Great's | proposal on reforms to Russia's laws. |
| European art of the 1600s and early 1700s was dominated by a grand, ornate style called | baroque |
| The heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory was proposed by | Nicolaus Copernicus. |
| The idea of a direct democracy is explained in | The Social Contract. |
| The Declaration of Independence was written by | thomas jefferson |
| Henry Fielding was a writer who | developed many features of the modern novel. |
| Francis Bacon helped to develop | the scientific method |
| Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna? | Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria |
| How did Admiral Nelson win the Battle of Trafalgar? | He divided the French fleet and attacked smaller groups of ships. |
| Which of the following was an important goal of the Congress of Vienna? | to establish a balance of power in Europe |
| Why did Napoleon attack Portugal? | to enforce the terms of the Continental System |
| What happened on July 14, Bastille Day? | A mob stormed a prison looking for gunpowder. |
| During the Reign of Terror, who was safe from the guillotine? | no one |
| What was Napoleon able to accomplish during peacetime? | all of the above |
| Which document stated that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights"? | Declaration of the Rights of Man |
| About what percentage of France's population belonged to the Third Estate? | 98 |
| Which goal was NOT stated in the "slogan of the Revolution"? | justice |
| In early 19th century Europe, the liberals wanted | to give more power to elected parliaments. |
| Which of the following artistic styles would be used to ACCURATELY depict the oppressive working conditions of Latin Americans under Spanish control? | realism |
| How were romanticism and nationalism linked? | national heroes and cultural pride |
| Which of the following statements would Otto von Bismarck probably NOT agree with? | ruler should never violate the constitution of his or her country. |
| Which of the following was NOT a major component of romanticism? | the promotion of established ideas |
| One of romanticism's first composers was | Ludwig van Beethoven |
| During the 19th century, which of the following occurred in Europe? | all of the above |
| By 1871 there was a shift in power in Europe, which nation changed? | prussia became germany |
| In Latin America during the early 1800s, which of the following probably belonged to the Creole class? | a colonel in the Spanish colonial army |
| Nationalism was a force that | all of the above |
| How did music change during the Romantic period? | It became a part of middle-class life. |
| Which of the following was a reaction against realism? | a Renoir painting |
| What was the main cause of the process of urbanization that occurrred in 19th-century Britain and elsewhere in western Europe? | industrialization |
| What were the long-term effects of Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto? | In the 1900s, Marxism inspired revolutionaries such as Russia's Lenin. |
| Which of the following was a result of the agricultural revolution? | all of the above |
| How did Britain's economy affect the process of industrialization? | positively, by Britain's highly developed banking system, availability of loans, and climate of progress |
| How did the War of 1812 help pave the way for the United States to industrialize? | How did the War of 1812 help pave the way for the United States to industrialize? |
| How did the Napoleonic wars and French Revolution impact the industrialization of Continental Europe? | all of the above |
| What impact did technological advances have on industry? | Production of goods was increased. |
| What was the impact of the steam engine on the production of British goods? | It launched the railway age that brought the transportation of people and materials to a new level. |
| How did landowners and aristocrats view wealthy members of the middle class? | looked down upon |
| What was the Industrial Revolution? | increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th-century |
| What did Britain do in order to keep industrial secrets from the United States? | forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country |
| Which of the following statements are true of socialism and communism? | Communism is a form of complete socialism in which the people own all production and property. |
| Which two lands did Captain Cook claim for Great Britain in 1770? | Australia and New Zealand |
| What event provoked the secession of the Southern states from the United States? | election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What policy or action led to the Trail of Tears? | Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
| Which of the following reforms did NOT occur in Great Britain by the early 1900s? | Annual elections to the House of Commons were held. |
| During the early 1900s, was the British woman who formed the Women's Social and Political Union? | During the early 1900s, was the British woman who formed the Women's Social and Political Union? |
| Why was the work of Louis Pasteur important in the history of medicine? | He found that bacteria caused diseases. |
| What form of government did France adopt in 1875? | republic |
| How did California and much of the Southwest become part of the United States? | Mexican Cession |
| What was the main reason for the Crimean War? | Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. |
| What set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French? | Peasants had less rice to eat because the French exported most of it. |
| Why did the Maji Maji rebellion fail? | East Africans erroneously believed that magic water would protect them from bullets. |
| How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies? | They provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights. |
| The part of India that was under direct British rule was known as the ___. This term is also used to refer to the period of British rule over India. | Raj |
| In 1907, ___lost a long fight to maintain its independence when Britain and Russia took over the country and divided it into spheres of influence. | persia |
| In the 1800s, the Zulu chief ___ used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large state in southern Africa. | shaka |
| ___ was the leader of the Filipino nationalists who claimed that the United States had promised immediate independence of the Philippine Islands after the end of the Spanish-American War. | Emilio Aguinaldo |
| The opposition of Dutch settlers to British policy in South Africa turned violent during the ___. | boer war |
| The ___began after rumors spread among Indian soldiers that the cartridges of their rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat. | Sepoy Mutiny |
| The overthrow of ___, the last monarch of Hawaii, was accomplished in the late 1800s by a group of American sugar planters. | Queen Liliuokalani |
| ___ managed to maintain the independence of Ethiopia by exploiting imperialistic rivalries between European nations and by building up a modern arsenal that helped his forces defeat an Italian army. | Menelik II |
| ___ was a British colony that combined diverse cultures and long-term rival groups. | nigeria |
| Why did the British style of government in Nigeria work better with the Hausa-Fulani than the Igbo and Yoruba? | The Hausa-Fulani were accustomed to a strong central government. |
| Which of the following leaders used modernization to successfully keep their countries from foreign control? | Muhammad Ali and King Mongkut |
| Why did thousands of Boers move north in the Great Trek? | to escape the british |
| How did the Treaty of Versailles affect postwar Germany? | It left a legacy of bitterness and hatred in the hearts of the German people. |
| What key factor led to the formation of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente? | Bismark's fear of France's army and Britain's fear of Germany's empire |
| Which of the following events occurred after the Americans joined the war? | The Bulgarians and the ottoman Turks surrendered |
| Why did Bismark seek alliances that later became the Triple Alliance? | to isolate france |
| What is the policy of glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war? | militarism |
| Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800s and most of World War I? | Kaiser Wilhelm II |
| What was significant in the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne? | It resulted in Germany's having to fight on two fronts. |
| What did the Central Powers gain over Russia at the battle near Tannenberg? | Germany drove the Russians into full retreat. |
| Which of the following was used to widen the war? | attacks on African colonies |
| Who was forced to assume sole responsibility for the war under the Treaty of Versailles? | germany |
| What gamble did Germany make before the United States entered the war? | that their blockade would defeat Britain before U.S. troops arrived |
| How did the Russo-Japanese war show the czar's weakness? | News of repeated losses sparked unrest and led to revolt during the war. |
| How did czars Alexander III and Nicholas II deal with calls for reform? | They resisted all efforts for reform. |
| What influences created an environment for nationalism in Southwest Asia? | the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and Western interest in the region |
| What were soviets under Russia's provisional government? | local councils |
| In which country did Nationalists lead a successful rebellion against its sultan and then reform the government with an emphasis on modernization? | Turkey |
| Why did Chinese peasants align themselves with the Communists rather than the Nationalists? | he Communists divided land among the farmers, while the Nationalists ignored their problems. |
| Who were the Bolsheviks? | radical Russian Marxist revolutionaries |
| How did the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II help pave the way for revolution? | They both upheld an autocratic government without reform. |
| Who led the famous protest known as the Salt March? | Mohandis K. Gandhi |
| Who seized power from Persia's shah and changed the name of his country to Iran? | Reza Shah Pahlavi |
| What event in 1937 halted the Chinese civil war? | The Japanese launched an all-out invasion of China. |
| What did Sun Yixian's Revolutionary Alliance accomplish? | overthrowing the last emperor |
| Who did China's peasants align themselves with in the 1920s? | communist |
| What promises were made to the Indian people in exchange for their service under Britain in World War I? | reforms that would eventually lead to self-government |
| What did the pogroms do that occurred in the late 19th-century Russia do? | violently persecute Jews |
| What is a totalitarian state? | a state in which the government controls every aspect of public and private life |
| After World War I, most European nations had what type of government, if only temporarily? | democratic |
| What was the policy of appeasement? | the British and French decision to give into aggression to keep peace |
| Why did Japan invade Manchuria? | to gain its iron ore and coal deposits |
| What caused Germans to start taking Adolf Hitler and his message seriously? | the economic crisis brought on by the Depression |
| What important role did Winston Churchill play during this period? | He warned that the policy of appeasement was a disaster. |
| Why did coalition governments usually prove unstable? | They were alliances of several parties who disagreed on many policies. |
| What was the goal of U.S. isolationists after World War I? | that political ties to other countries should be avoided |
| Whose theory of relativity replaced Newton's comforting belief in a world run by absolute laws of motion and gravity? | albert einstein |
| Which of the following is NOT a reason for the high number of displaced persons after the war? | The United States deported thousands of Japanese-Americans to Japan. |
| What caused the Japanese emperor to have reduced power after the war? | the Allies' insistence |
| Under the postwar constitution of Japan, who was the head of government? | a prime minister selected by the diet |
| What combination led to the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad? | Russian troops and the Russian winter |
| The German blitzkrieg was a military strategy that depended on what advantage? | surprise and overwhelming force |
| What was the U.S. response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid-1941? | cut oil supplies to Japan |
| How did the Lend-Lease Act benefit the United States? | It enriched the U.S. economy through selling arms to the Allies. |
| What was significant about the Battle of Midway? | It turned the war in the Pacific against the Japanese. |
| What was the Allies' plan for victory over the Nazis? | The Allies would fight Germany on two fronts to weaken it. |
| When did Chinese troops enter the war in Korea? | when the fighting neared China's border |
| Which of the following circumstances contributed to the breakdown of the alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union? | Stalin's unfulfilled promise of free elections |
| What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine? | to support countries that rejected communism |
| What were Third World countries? | developing countries not aligned with the United States or the Soviet Union |
| What was the Strategic Defense Initiative? | a system to protect the United States against enemy missiles |
| What was the primary goal for the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan? | to reestablish the Communist regime in Afghanistan |
| How did the "Bay of Pigs" failure lead to the Cuban missile crisis? | Khrushchev believed the United States was too weak to oppose Soviet expansion into Cuba. |
| Which leader won China's civil war, and what name did he give to the country? | Mao Zedong; People's Republic of China |
| What action did General MacArthur take during the Korean War that immediately led to his discharge? | attempted to use the press and Congress to go over the president's head |
| Which of the following colonies became an independent city-state with a standard of living far higher than any of its Southeast Asia neighbors? | Singapore |
| How were the governments of Ferdinand Marcos and Mobutu Sese Seko similar? | Both imposed strict authoritarian regimes. |
| Which of the following is true of Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi? | She is active in the National League for Democracy. |
| What influenced the independence movements of colonial countries? | all of the above |
| The dividing of India into two nations was referred to as | the partition. |
| Which former colony of France was torn apart in the 1990s by a deadly civil war between the government and Islamic militants? | algeria |
| After gaining their independence, India and Pakistan fought a war over | kashmir |
| Which nation is part of the Central Asian Republics? | Tajikistan |
| Which of the following two countries each had a civil war after independence? | Pakistan and Angola |
| The long-time dictator of the Congo (formally the Belgian Congo) was | Mobutu Sese Seko. |
| Which of the following was NOT true of the intifada in the West Bank and Gaza Strip? | caused Israel to declare war on Palestine |
| What prompted the Brazilian government to open up Brazil's political system? | The economy fell into a recession. |
| What was apartheid? | a South African policy separating the races |
| What caused the two Germanys to reunify? | the fall of communism in East Germany |
| Who became the Russian Republic's first elected president? | Boris Yeltsin |
| What was it called when Bosnian Serbs used violence to rid Bosnia of its Muslims? | ethnic cleansing |
| What did the Four Modernizations call for? | progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology |
| What led Chinese students to demand democratic reform? | economic reforms that allowed Western ideas into China |
| Under which program did Gorbachev attempt to modify the economic structure of the Soviet economy by allowing some private enterprise? | perestroika |
| Which of the following is NOT a basic practice needed for democracy to work? | a presidency |
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