A&P Chp. 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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armstrongj360 on May 24, 2012
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anatomy and physiology
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 gross anatomy | this concerns body structures seen without the use of a microscope |
| histologic anatomy | the study of cells, tissues, and organs as observed with a microscope |
| developmental anatomy | this deals with the development of the individual from the fertilized egg to the adult form |
| cytology | the study of cells and how they function |
| neurophysiology | the study of nerve function |
| renal physiology | the study of the excretory system and its activities |
| reproductive physiology | the study of reproductive organs and the methods for reproduction |
| atoms | ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter |
| molecules | atoms combine with one another to form ___ |
| cell | the fundamental unit of living things |
| tissue | a group of cells of similar structure working together and performing the same function |
| organ | this is composed of two or more different kinds of tissue working together |
| organ system | composed of several organs with complementary functions |
| organism | systems operating together form an ___ |
| metabolism | the sum total of all chemical processes occurring in the body |
| catabolism | the breakdown of organic matter, usually with the release of energy |
| anabolism | the buildup of organic matter, usually requiring an input of energy |
| movement | this is the result of contracting muscle cells; can be either voluntary or involuntary |
| growth | refers to an increase in the size of body cells and/or the body itself |
| conductivity | refers to the ability of cells to receive stimuli and transport them from one body part to another |
| reproduction | the ability of the body to replicate itself |
| sexual reproduction | a form of reproduction which requires the union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote |
| asexual reproduction | a form of reproduction which, in humans, is the duplication of a single cell |
| irritability | the response of the body to an internal or external stimulus |
| excretion | the process of removing waste products from the body |
| homeostasis | the processes working to maintain the body's internal environment within normal limits, even when the external environment changes |
| feedback systems | the body is protected against extremes by these self-regulating systems |
| setpoint | this is the normal value of a variable factor, such as temperature (in reference to feedback systems) |
| receptor | this detects any deviation from the setpoint |
| control center | this receives information from various receptors to integrate and determine the response needed to return to the setpoint |
| effectors | these implement the response to return the body to homeostasis |
| negative feedback system | this is when the information decreases the system's output to bring the system back to its setpoint |
| positive feedback system | this works as part of a larger negative feedback system to bring about a specific end, such as blood clotting or the birth of a baby |
| anatomical position | the body is erect with eyes forward, feet together, arms at the sides, and palms forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body in this position |
| anterior | toward the front of the body; aka ventral |
| posterior | the back side of the human; aka dorsal |
| superior | the direction toward the head or upper part of the body; aka cephalic or cranial |
| inferior | the direction away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; aka caudal (occasionally. no tails, actually) |
| medial | direction closer to the midline of the body or to one of its structures |
| lateral | a location off to the side and away from the midline |
| ipsilateral | refers to structures on the same side of the body |
| contralateral | refers to structures on the opposite sides of the body |
| proximal | a direction closer to where an extremity attaches to the trunk |
| distal | a region farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk |
| superficial and deep | these terms refer to a location closer to the body surface or well below it |
| sagittal plane | a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides |
| midsagittal | sagittal plane which divides the body into equal right and left halves |
| parasagittal | sagittal plane which divides the body into unequal right and left halves |
| frontal plane | aka coronal plane; divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| transverse plane | aka horizontal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior portions |
| cross sections | organs sectioned across the transverse plane for study are referred to as ___ |
| dorsal body cavity | located along the posterior surface of the body; subdivided into the cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| ventral body cavity | located on the anterior aspect of the body; subdivided into thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
| thoracic cavity | surrounded by ribs and muscles of the chest and is further subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities, each having a lung |
| pericardial cavity | a third cavity within the thoracic cavity which houses the heart and is medial to the pleural cavities |
| mediastinum | where the pericardial cavity is located; includes the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and many blood and lymphatic vessels |
| peritoneal cavity | aka abdominopelvic cavity; contains the visceral organs of the abdomen and pelvis |
| abdominal subdivision | contains the stomach, spleen, liver, and other organs |
| pelvic subdivision | contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs, and the rectum |
| umbilical region | this region is at the center of the abdomen; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| epigastric region | this region is immediately superior to the umbilical region; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| hypogastric region | this region is immediately inferior to the umbilical region; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| right and left hypochondriac regions | these regions are lateral to the epigastric region; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| right and left lumbar regions | these regions are lateral to the umbilical region; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| right and left inguinal regions | these regions are lateral to the hypogastric regions; part of the abdominopelvic region |
| right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants | these four abdominopelvic designations are used clinically from imaginary horizontal and vertical lines intersecting at the center |
| serous membrane | the walls of the ventral body cavity and its organs are covered with a thin, double-layered membrane called the ___ |
| serous fluid | the serous membrane contains a small amount of this lubricating fluid, which permits the organs to slide easily across cavity walls and by one another without causing friction |
| pleura | this membrane lines the pleural cavities |
| pericardium | this membrane lines the heart |
| peritoneum | this membrane surrounds some abdominopelvic organs and covers parts of others |
| parietal layer | first layer of a serous membrane; it lines a cavity |
| visceral layer | second layer of a serous membrane; it covers an organ |
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