neurophysiology III - second half
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 arousal states appear to be determined by interactions in which areas of the brain | - brainstem - hypothalamus - thalamus - basal forebrain |
| dampening of arousal systems with concomitant active inhibition by thalamocortical systems produces | sleep |
| areas maintaining wakefulness include | - oral pontine reticular formation - midbrain central tegmentum - posterior hypothalamus |
| sleep promoting areas are located where | - midline brainstem (raphe nucleus) - dorsolateral medullary reticular formation - anterior hypothalamic preoptic region |
| sleep modulating center | magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain |
| intermingling of both sleep and arousal systems | magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain |
| the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert in forebrain projectis acetylcholine projections to which structure in the neocortex | midbrian reticular formation |
| pontomesencephalic cells promote | wakefulness |
| pontomesencephalic cells are located where | locus ceruleus and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum |
| pontomesencephalic cells | - dopaminergic cells - noradrenergic cells |
| glutaminergic cells are found where | oral pontine reticular formation |
| sleep is divided into stages based on | - electroencephalography (EEG) - electro-occulogram (EOG) - electromyogram (EMG) |
| Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage I | (light) theta, delta, low (low amplitude) horizontal eye |
| Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage II | (light) theta, delta, sleep spindles, K complexes |
| Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage III | (deep) high amplitude delta (20-25%) |
| Non-REM sleep (slow wave sleep) stage IV | (deep) high amplitude delta (>50%) |
| EEG resembles awake state or NREM stage I | REM |
| dramatic decrease in EMG activity during | REM |
| produce cortical desynchronization | lesions in nucleus tractus solitarius |
| electrical stimulation of nucleus tractus solitarius produces | slow wave sleep (NREM) |
| direct connections between the nucleus tractus solitarius and the major areas of the limbic system exist, examples of these areas are | - thalamus - hypothalamus - amygdala |
| lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produce | insomnia |
| produces insomnia by blocking production of serotonin | prarchlorophenylalanine (PCPA) |
| slow wave sleep (NREM) can be restored in PCPA induced insomnia by administration of | 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) |
| serotonin is a precursor for | melatonin |
| synthesized and released by the pineal gland through sympathetic activation from the retino-hypothalamic tract | melatonin |
| enhances sleep | melatonin |
| prolonged bright light stimulation does what to melatonin levels | decreases them |
| induced both slow wave sleep and REM sleep | prostaglandin D2 |
| prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin can do what to diurnal sleep | decreases |
| barbituates | sedatives |
| benzodiazempines | hypnotics |
| sedatives and hypnotics do what to GABA receptors and sleep | stimulate GABA receptors and facilitate sleep |
| rhythmic cortical waveforms generated by oscillatory activity in nucleus reticularis of the thalamus | sleep spindles |
| cortical EEG is highly desynchronized in | REM sleep |
| associated with pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes | REM sleep |
| associated with rapid eye movement, changes in respiration, heart rate, muscle twitches, dreaming | pontine geniculate occipital (PGO) spikes |
| cholinergic stimulation of the pons induces what | REM sleep |
| increase activity or norepinephrine and/or serotonin (REM suppressors) | antidepressants |
| progressive decrease in muscle tone during REM sleep is associated with what | hyperpolarization of motor neurons |
| levels or rheobase during REM sleep | increased 30% |
| characterized by bursts of excessive limb and body movements | REM sleep |
| serves as an endogenous clock influencing both sleep and body temperature in a closely coupled fashion | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| how are TSH, cortisol, GH, and prolactin associated with the onset of sleep | - TSH and cortisol are inhibitied - GH and prolactin are stimulated |
| slide 22 | list of potential sleep promoting factors |
| increases feelings of hunger, food intake, and promotes weight gain | ghrelin |
| decreases drive for food intake, increases energy utilization, and promotes weight loss | leptin |
| increased sleep will do what to lepitn and ghrelin levels | increase leptin and decrease ghrelin |
| decreased sleep will do what to leptin and ghrelin levels | decrease leptin and increase ghrelin |
| uncontrolled excessive activity of either part or all of the CNS "electrical storm" | epilepsy |
| precipitating causes of a seizure | - strong emotional stimuli - alkalosis (hyperventilation) - drugs - fever - loud noises or flashing lights |
| altered sensation prior to seizure, tingling | aura |
| rigid stiffening of body, loss of consciousness is which stage of seizure | tonic phase of seizure |
| strong muscle contractions and convulsions, over within minutes is which stage of seizure | tonic-clonic phase of of seizure |
| return to consciousness; may be associated with confusion, stupor, slurred speech, weakness is which stage of seizure | post-ictal phase of seizure |
| treatments for seizures | - drugs - surgery - vagal stimulator - chiropractic adjustments |
| excessive mesolimbic activity | positive symptom for schizophrenia |
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia | - distortion - delusions - hallucinations - bizarre behavior - illogical thinking - excessive mesolimbic activity |
| excessive mesocortical activity | negative symptom for schizophrenia |
| negative symptoms for schizophrenia | - alogoria - flat affect - anhedonia - avolition - attentional impairment |
| - low prefrontal cortex activity - large ventricles - prominent sulci | schizophrenia |
| which are more likely to be schizophrenic, monozygotic twins or monozygotic twins | monozygotic twins |
| mental disorder associated with celiac disease | schizophrenia |
| exaggerated dopamine activity could cause | schizophrenia |
| an excess of black bile was though to cause what | unipolar depression |
| inability to experience pleasure | anhedonia |
| non genetic factors that could cause schizophrenia | - poor nutrition - infections during pregnancy - toxins (damage neurons or affect NT system) - radiation (mutations) |
| which schizophrenic symptoms tend to impair the person's ability to function in daily life to a greater extent; positive or negative | negative |
| which amino acid carrier systems are dependent of energy and sodium | - A system - ACS system |
| which amino acid carrier systems are independent of energy and sodium | L system |
| which division of the nervous system has a greater ability to repair and regenerate; PNS or CNS | PNS |
| after injury, what can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor | IL-1 |
| characteristics of apoptosis | - cell shrinkage - condensation of chromatin - cellular fragmentation - phagocytosis of cellular remnants |
| large neutral amino acids with branched or ring side chains (leucine, valine) are associated with which BBB AA system | L system |
| neutral AA with short linear or polar sidechains (alanine, serine) are associated with which BBB AA system | A system |
| may limit accumulation of glycine in cord and glutamate in the brain | A system |
| alanine, serine, and cystein are associated with which BBB AA system | ACS system |
| lymphocytes posses receptors for which products | - VIP - NPY - substance P |
| parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia by what mechanism | blocks production of serotonin |
| which of the following substances is produced and released from the pineal gland and is suppressed by prolonged bright light stimulation and enhances sleep | melatonin |
| highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep | prostaglandin D2 |
| many potential sleep promoting factors also posses which of the following functions | immune functions |
| a lack of which neurotransmitters may be involved in depression | - serotonin - norepinephrine |
| which treatment for depression can result in a positive change in aminergic receptor sensitivity | ECT |
| what treatment is effective at terminating manic episodes and has inhibitory effects on neuronal signal transduction systems | lithium salts |
| in panic attacks, what nervous system abnormality surfaces | over activity of SNS |
| the blood brain barrier is not found in which areas | posterior and circumventricular organs - area postrema - median eminence |
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