| Term | Definition |
|---|
| skull, foramen magnum | located medially in the center of skull's floor. centered over the spine |
| selected skeletal adaptions to bipedal locomotion | changes to skeleton due to walking upright on 2 legs |
| vertebral column | intervertebral disks are thick, absorb force/shock. protect vertebra. 1. intervertebral disks. 2. spinal curvatures. |
| intervertrebral disks | annulus fribrosis and nucleous pulposus |
| annulus fibrosis | outer layer of fibrocartilage, strentgh |
| nucleous pulposus | soft, gellike center to the disk. they can compress, flatten to absorb pressure. high flexibility. |
| spinal curvatures | normal curves in spine. absorb shock, and high flexibility. |
| cervical and lumbar | convex |
| thoracic and sacral | concave |
| at birth | one concave curvature to spine. thoracic and sacral curvatures are formed. |
| 3 months of age | cervical curvature develops. in response to muscular control of head. balances head over the shoulderd. |
| 12 months of age | lumbar curvature develops in response to standing and walking. balances upper body over pelvis. |
| gender differences in pelvis | females have a wider false pelvis across the top of the pelvis, wider pubic arch, have a more pronounced sacrum curvature. wider pelvis opens the pelvis outlet across bottom. allows for passage of a baby. |
| arches of feet | composed of tarsals, metatarsals, ligaments and tendons. absorb shock/force. foot hits ground arches flattened. foot lifts arches rebound. distribute bodyweight across foot. half on calcanei half on distal epiphysis of metatarsals. 3 arches. 2 longitudinal 1 transverse. develop 12 months. |
| fallen arches/flat feet | it can result in bone pain, bone spurs. genetic foot develops with low arches. excessive weight, standing for long periods, running on hard surfaces. |
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