Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

law of segregation members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair law of independent assortment each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random linked genes genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses DNA structure DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine semi conservative method of replication that implies that each new strand of DNA is half original and half new mutations Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity causes of mutations spontaneous or mutagens: radiation (X-rays, UV light) or chemicals (pesticides, drugs, alcohol, caffeine) transcription (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA translation the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. RNA ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins mRNA messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome rRNA ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome genetic code the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that makes the amino acid sequence of a protein cell differentation the process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature forms and functions and they become specialized. gene expression process by which a gene produces its protien and the protien carries out its function undifferentiated cell A cell that doesn't have a specific function. incomplete dominance creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other codominanace shows both domnanat traits, not a blend of the two (Roan Cows+ blood groups) introns sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein. They are involved in RNA trancription but not in RNA translation. They are taken out before the RNA is translated. exons expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein. They do code for a protien and are involved in both RNA transcription and translation. codon three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid anticodon group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon somatic mutation change in body cells contained in every cell except the reproductive cells. it is not inheritable germline mutation a mutation in reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) deletion the loss of multiple nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome. duplication change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated invertion A piece of chromosome come off, flips around , and rejions the same chromosome.` translocation change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a different chromosome silent mutation A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. missence mutation when a point mutation results in substituting one amino acid for another nonsense mutation A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. frame-shift mutation mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide genes sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait alleles different forms of a gene homozygous having two identical alleles for a trait heterozygous having two different alleles for a trait phenotype The physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make up. genotype genetic makeup of an organism epistasis the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene