Chemistry of Life
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Created by:
melilifegoeson on October 6, 2009
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 inorganic | does not contain carbon |
| organic | contains carbon |
| carbon atom | the backbone of all organic compounds; can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms |
| hydrocarbon | a molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon |
| functional groups | atoms attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions |
| hydroxyl group | OH |
| carbonyl group | C=O |
| amino group | NH2 |
| carboxyl group | COOH |
| molecular formula | shows kind and number of atoms |
| structural formula | shows kind, number, and bonding of atoms |
| monomers | chemical building blocks of polymers |
| polymer | a large chain of monomers covalently joined together |
| dehydration synthesis | builds molecules by removing a water molecule for each bond made |
| hydrolysis | opposite of dehydration synthesis; breaks apart complex molecules by adding water |
| carbohydrates | primary energy source, hydrophilic, 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen |
| monosaccharide | monomer: single sugar |
| glucose | main energy for the cell |
| fructose | fruit sugar |
| galactose | milk sugar |
| disaccharide | polymer: two sugars |
| sucrose | fructose + glucose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose |
| lactose | glucose + galactose |
| polysaccharide | macromolecule: many sugars |
| macromolecule | very large polymers |
| glycogen | animal storage of glucose |
| lipids | large, hydrophobic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, secondary energy source |
| saturated fatty acid | solid at room temperature, animal derived, all carbons have single bonds to hydrogens |
| unsaturated fatty acid | liquid at room temperature, plant derived, not all carbons have bonds to hydrogen, one or more double covalent bonds |
| hydrogenation | adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, forcing the liquid to solidfy, creates trans fat |
| triglyceride | a fat with a molecule of glycerol linked to three fat molecules |
| steroid | a type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is bent to shape four fused rings |
| cholesterol | needed to build cell membranes, base for testosterone and estrogen |
| anabolic steroid | structurally resembles testosterone and mimics its affects |
| protein | a polymer constructed by amino acid monomers |
| structural protein | protein that provides support |
| storage protein | protein that provides a source of amino acids for developing plants and animals |
| contractile protein | the protein muscles are rich in, responsible for muscles getting shorter |
| transport protein | the protein that provides transportation |
| dipeptide | two amino acids (AA----------AA) |
| peptide bond | the bond between adjacent amino acids |
| polypeptide | hundreds of amino acids bonded together in a long chain, sequence of amino acids determines protein |
| nucleic acid | information storage molecule that provide the directions for building proteins, stores hereditary information, directs all cell activity |
| DNA | the genetic material organisms inherit from their parents, involved in protein synthesis |
| RNA | translates nucleic acid language to protein language, involved in protein synthesis |
| nitrogenous bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acid, complex organic molecule with three parts (nitrogonous base, deoxyribose sugar, and phospate) |
| four | # of bases monomers and nuclotides |
| DNA | double helix, deoxyribose sugar |
| RNA | single strand, ribose sugar, thymine converts to urisil |
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