| Term | Definition |
|---|
| atoms | Units of matter that form all chemical substances |
| subatomic | What kind of particles make up the chemical properties of atoms |
| protons, neutrons, electrons | The three subatomic particles that make up the chemical properties of atoms |
| proton | A subatomic particle of an atom that has one unit of positive charge |
| neutron | A subatomic particle of an atom that is electrically neutral |
| electron | A subatomic particle of an atom that has one unit of negative charge |
| chemical bonds | Molecules are small to large collections of elements whose atoms are held together by __ __ |
| subatomic | atoms are made up of _____ particles |
| matter | _____ is anything that occupies space and has mass (living and non living) |
| mass | _____ refers to the amount of matter in an object |
| electrons, neutrons, protons | Atomic mass = total mass of _____, _____, and _____ in a single atom. (alphabetically) |
| weight | _____ refers to the effect of gravity on that mass |
| gravity | Weight refers to the effect of _____ on that mass |
| atoms | All matter is made up of tiny particles called _____. |
| mass | Protons and neutrons have identical _____. |
| atomic nucleus | Protons and neutrons are located at __ __. |
| electrons | _____ have much smaller mass than protons |
| electron cloud | Electrons moving rapidly around the nucleus is referred to as an __ __ |
| positive | A proton has one unit of _____ charge |
| negative | An electron has one unit of _____ charge |
| no | Neutrons have _____ charge |
| electrons | Number of protons equals the number of _____. |
| protons | Number of electrons equals the number of _____. |
| neutral | Number of protons = number of electrons, which makes them _____. |
| element | What is pure substance composed of only one type of atom. |
| atomic symbol | Each element, in the periodic table, is designated by an __ __. A one or two-letter chemical shorthand for the element |
| 26 | Of the 109 known elements, how many are normally found in the body? |
| hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen | Four elements compose 96% of the body's mass: (list in order of highest %) |
| hydrogen, 63 | Of the four main elements, that compose 96% of the body's mass, which one is most abundant and by what percent? |
| protons | Each chemical element contains a specific number of _____. |
| atomic number | Each chemical element contains a specific number of protons, which is known as the _____ _____. |
| protons | What distinguishes one type of atom from another, number of _____. |
| electrons | Because an atom is electrically neutral, the atomic number is also equal to the number of _____ in the atom. |
| atomic mass units | What does amu stand for? |
| mass | Atoms have very little _____. |
| atomic weight | The _____ _____ scale indicates an atom's mass relative to the mass of other atoms. |
| carbon, 12 | The atomic weight scale is based upon assigning the _____ atom a mass of _____. |
| molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together make up a _____. (ex. H₂0) |
| electrons, electrons | Chemical bonds form when _____ transfer from one atom to another or when two atoms share ___. |
| electrons | Not all chemical bonds are the same, but all involve _____. |
| covalent | The strongest chemical bond between two atoms is called a _____ bond. |
| energy relationship | Chemical bond can be considered as an ___ ___ between the electrons of two atoms. |
| gives up, gains, shares | Most chemical bonds form when an atom _____-___, _____, or _____ one or more electrons with another atom. |
| electron shell | An orbital (pathway) traveled by electrons around a nucleus is called an ____ ____ |
| 2, 8, 8 | Each electron shell can hold a specific number of electrons. The innermost, 2nd and 3rd rings can hold __, __, and __ electrons. |
| inside out | In regards to electron shells, the electrons fill from the ____ ___ |
| neutral, electrons, protons | A single atom is electrically ___ because it contains equal numbers of __ and __. |
| electric, ion | If an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it acquires a net __ charge and becomes an ___. |
| ion | A charged atom is called an ___ |
| cations | Ions that have a net positive charge are called ___ |
| anions | Ions that have a net negative charge are called ___ |
| opposite | ___ charges attract to each other. |
| anions, cations | ___ and ___ are attracted to each other (due to their negative and positive charges) |
| ionic | Cations and anions are attracted to each other, this is called an ___ bond. |
| both | In covalent bonds the shared electrons orbit around ___ atoms. |
| bonding | Atoms that share a pair of electrons are both attracted toward the shared pair, ___ the atoms together. |
| covalent bond | What kind of bonds link most molecules in the body? __ __. |
| double covalent bond | Two atoms share two pairs of electrons (as indicated by two lines in a structural formula). This is called __ __ __ |
| double covalent bond | Two covalent bonds between the same two atoms, four electrons are shared...what kind of bond is this? __ __ __ |
| covalent | ___ bonds are formed when one electron in the outer electron orbit of each atom is shared between the two atoms. |
| covalent | What kind of bond can also form between identical atoms (example H₂), __ bond |
| two ions | With a covalent bond, if an atom completely captures an electron from the other atom what is formed? ___ ___ |
| polar covalent | A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally...what kind of bond is this? ___ ___ bond. |
| polar covalent | Covalent bonds in which the electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms is called a ___ ___ bond. |
| positive | In a polar covalent bond, the atom which has partly lost an electron becomes slightly ___. |
| negative | In a polar covalent bond, when the electrons reside closer to one atom of the pair the atom acquires a slight ___ charge. |
| non polar | When electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally it is called a ___-___ bond. |
| different | Atoms of ___ elements do not always exert the same pull on shared electrons. |
| polar covalent | Unequal sharing of electrons between different types of atoms, that are covalently bonded, are said to be a ___ ___ bond. |
| hydrogen | Example: Polar bond - water molecule H20: the oxygen atom pulls shared electrons more strongly than ___ atoms |
| neutral | Polar bond - unequal sharing of electrons, the net charge of the molecule is still ___, just unequally distributed. |
| positive, negative | Hydrogen bond - attraction of the ___ (hydrogen) end of the polar molecule to the ___end of another polar molecule. |
| weak | Hydrogen bonds - are very ___ bonds |
| 99 | Out of every 100 molecules in the body ___ are water |
| hydrogen | Water as liquid? Weak ___ bonds constantly being formed and broken |
| faster, evaporate | Temperature increase, hydrogen bonds are broken ___(at what speed), molecules escape and __. |
| stop, stop, ice | Temperature decrease, hydrogen bonds ___ (at what speed) breaking. When hydrogen bonds ___ breaking....what is formed? |
| ionic bond, cation, anion | Sodium atom has 11 electrons, chlorine has 17. Sodium loses ane electron and chorline gains an electron. They have now formed an __ __. Sodium is now a __, chlorine became a __. |
| covalent, ionic, hydrogen | List the molecular bonds, from strongest to weakest: __, __, and __. |
| 99 | It's important to know hydrogen bonds because are made up of __% water. |
| oxygen, negative, hydrogen | In each water molecule, the shared electrons spend more time close to the larger __ atom, making that area slightly more __ compared to the area near the __ atoms |
| solutes | __ are substances dissolved in a liquid. |
| solvent | __ is the liquid in which solutes are dissolved in. |
| solution | Solutes dissolved in a solvent form a __. |
| water | __ is the most abundant solvent in the body (60% of total body weight). |
| water | In order to dissolve in water, a substance must be electrically attracted to __ molecules. |
| polarity | Water has a strong __. |
| polar bonds, hydrophilic | Molecules that have lots of __ __ or ionized groups will dissolve very easily so are called __. |
| hydrophobic | Neutral covalent bonds will not dissolve in water and thus are said to be __ . |
| amphipathic | Molecules that have a polar region at one end and non-polar region at the other are called __. |
| polar (hydrophilic), non-polar (hydrophobic) | Amphipathic molecules: In water they form clusters with their __ (__) regions at the surface of the cluster contacting the water molecules, with the __-__ (__) ends pointing towards the center of the cluster. |
| water | Polar (hydrophilic) will want to associate with __. |
| Acid | __: any hydrogen containing substance that donates a proton (hydrogen ion H+) to another substance |
| proton, electron | An acid is a __ donor and kept the __. |
| base | A __ is any substance that accepts a proton (hydrogen ion H+). |
| hydrogen | The acidity of a solution refers to the "free unbound" __ ion concentrration in the solution. |
| acidity | The higher the ion concentration the greater the __. |
| pH | Hydrogen ion concentration (acidity) is expressed as __ of a solution. |
| decreases | As acidity increases pH __. |
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