MHD Ch. 1
About this set
Created by:
missmolly15 on May 26, 2012
Subjects:
biology, Microbiology, Micro Human Disease
Description:
The Microbial World and You
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Microorganism | A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses |
| Pathogenicity | The ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host. |
| Genus | The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species |
| Species | The most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy. |
| Specific epithet | The second or species name in a scientific binomial. |
| Bacteria (bacterium) | Are relatively simple, unicellular organisms. Kingdom of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls |
| Prokaryote | A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope. Includes bacteria and archaea. |
| Archaea | Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains. |
| Methanogen | A group of archaea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration |
| Extreme halophiles | A group of archaea that live in extremely salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea |
| Extreme thermophiles | A group of archaea that live in hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park |
| Fungi (fungus) | An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph. |
| Eukaryote | A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus. |
| Chitin | The primary substance composing the cell walls of fungi |
| Yeasts | The unicellular forms of fungi, are oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria |
| Molds | The most typical fungi. They form visible masses called mycelia, which are composed of long filaments called hyphae. |
| Protozoa (protozoan) | Unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic |
| Algae (alga) | A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants. |
| Virus | A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat |
| Helminths | A parasitic roundworm or flatworm. |
| Three Domains | 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
| Cell Theory | The theory that all living things are composed of cells. (Robert Hooke) |
| Spontaneous generation | The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. |
| Biogenesis | The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells. |
| Aseptic techniques | Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination. |
| Fermentation | The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required. |
| Pasteurization | The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens. |
| Germ Theory of Disease | The principle that microorganisms cause disease. |
| Koch's postulates | Criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases. |
| Immunity | The body's defense against particular pathogenic microorganisms; also called specific resistance. |
| Chemotherapy | Treatment with chemical substances. |
| Antibiotic | An antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus. |
| Synthetic drug | A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory. |
| Penicillin | An antibiotic produced by a fungus. |
| Bacteriology | The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea. |
| Mycology | The scientific study of fungi. |
| Parasitology | The scientific study of parasites (protozoa and parasitic worms). |
| Genomics | The study of genes and their function. |
| Immunology | The study of a host's specific defenses to a pathogen. |
| Virology | The scientific study of viruses. |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) | A DNA molecule produced by recombination. |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology | Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called genetic engineering. |
| Microbial genetics | Studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits |
| Molecular Biology | The science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms. |
| Microbial ecology | The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment. |
| Bioremediation | The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant. |
| Biotechnology | The industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product. |
| Gene therapy | Treating a disease by replacing abnormal genes. |
| Normal microbiota | The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease. |
| Resistance | The ability to ward off diseases through nonspecific and specific defenses. |
| Biofilm | A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface. |
| Infectious disease | A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host. |
| Emerging infectious disease (EID) | A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. |
| Avian influenza A (H5N1) (bird flu) | Killed millions of poultry and 24 people in 8 countries southeast of Asia; occurs in birds worldwide. |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | A collection of disorders that develop as a result of infection with HIV |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | A virus that destroys CD4+ T cells, one type of white blood cell important to immune system defenses |
| Germ | Refers to rapidly growing cell |
| Linnaeus | He established the system of scientific nomenclature |
| Hooke | The first person to view cells, leading to cell theory |
| van Leeuwenhoek | The first to actually observe live microorganisms |
| Pasteur | His work provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials. Swan-necked flask experiment |
| Lister | He introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans. (aseptic techniques) |
| Koch | He proved that microorganisms cause disease. |
| Jenner | He demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox |
| Lancefield | She proposed the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes |
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