bio final
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366 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 stamen | male structure |
| anther | holds pollen (fuzzy) |
| filament | holds anther |
| petal | attracts pollenators |
| sepal | protects bud |
| carpel/pistil | female structures |
| stigma | catches pollen |
| style | holds stigma and ovary together |
| ovary | holds the egg |
| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm. |
| seed coat | tough outer coat-protects embryo and sperm |
| cotyledon | stores and transfers nutrients to embryon monocots: 1 cotyledon dicots: 2 cotyledons |
| fruit | protects seend once dormant |
| seed dispersal | burr: sticks to animals fruit: eaten by animals that passes through digestive tract water: water currents wind |
| seed germination | the plant embryo begins to grow (favorable conditions) |
| hooked shoots: dicots | middle of shoot pushes up first protects shoot as it comes through soil (2 cotyledons) |
| sheath: monocots | another tube that creates a path for the plant to grow (1 cotyledon) |
| seedling | the first moment the plant is above ground |
| environmental conditions | cacti live in dry, desertous areas and there isn't much rainfall-so they have to store H2O in their roots |
| other adaptations | long periods of cold: won't germinate in winter brush fire: less competiotion for resources natural selection: survive in extreme environments with adaptations |
| vegetative reproduction | a sexual reproduction in plants/with human help |
| fibrous roots | monocots: roots are spread out which will increase exposure to soil (minerals/nutrients) and water |
| taproots | dicots: one large central root with smaller brances (like carrots) |
| nodes | points where leaves are attached to the stem |
| internodes | portions of stem between nodes |
| stem tissue | runs vertically in the stem to transport nutrients and minerals from the roots to the leaves food is also transported down from the leaves to the shoots |
| terminal buds | buds on the top of the stem |
| axillary | buds off the sides of the stem |
| annuals | complete life cycle (germinate, grow, produce flowers and seeds, and die) in a single growing season |
| biennials | 2 years and usually only flowers in 2nd year |
| perennials | live/reproduce in multiple years |
| dermal tissue | "skin" of the plant (epidermis-protects young plants) (cuticle) |
| vascular tissue | structural support transports H20, minerals, nutrients, organic molecules between roots and shoots (xylem: transports H20 up to leaves) (phloem: transports food to roots-down) |
| ground tissue | storage and support makes up most of a young plant and function in photosynthesis (root cortex) |
| parenchyma cells | abundant cells-fruits thin cell walls with large central vacuoles (function: food storage, photosynthesis and respiration) |
| collenchyma cells | -young stems/petioles have this below the surface -unevenly thick cells walls & grouped in strands/cylinders -(f: provide support for growing plants provide some flexibility) |
| sclerenchyma cells | -supports the plant, thick cell walls,lignin-rich cell walls -grow and die within a mature part of a plant; leave their lignin-rich cells behind creating a "skeleton" -(f: "skeleton" that supports plant, specialized for support |
| meristems | tissue that generate new dermal, vascular, and ground tissue in plants throughout their lives |
| apical meristem | meristem in the tips of roots and shoots |
| root cap | the very tip of the root (protects the cells of the apical meristem) |
| apical meristem functions | 1) replaces the cells of the root cap that are scraped away by the soil 2) produces cells for primary growth |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| HMS Beagle | ship Darwin sailed on |
| Galapagos Islands | where Darwin first developed his evolution ideas |
| Charles Lyell | gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of nature-Earth was older than previously thought |
| Thomas Malthus | struggle for exsistence population is growing too fast for food production |
| descent with modification | descendants of the earliest organisms spread into various habitats over millions of years-in these habitats they accumulated different adaptations to the diverse ways of life |
| natural selection | process by which induviduals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than other induviduals (result is adaptation) |
| fossils | preserved remains or marking left by organisms that lived in the past |
| fossil record | chronological collection of life's remains in the rock layers, recorded during the passage of time |
| extinct | species that no longer exsist |
| homologous structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
| vestigial structures | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| population | a group of induviduals of the same species living in the same area at the same time |
| variation | refers to differences among members of the same species |
| artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants/animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that humans value |
| gene pool | consists of all the alleles (alternative forms of genes) in all the induviduals that make up a population |
| frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool |
| microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale-generation to generation change in the frequency of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | populations that don't undergo change to their gene pools are not presently evolving |
| genetic drift | a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Bottleneck Effect | reducing the size of a gene pool due to chance (natural disasters) |
| Founder Effect | when a few induviduals colonize on an isolated island, lake, or somewhere else new to habitat-the smaller the colony, the less genetic makeup there is to represent the gene pool of the larger population (chance reduces genetic variation) |
| gene flow | the exchange of genes with another population |
| mutation | a change in an organism's DNA |
| fitness | the contribution that an induvidual makes to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contributions of other induviduals-HAS to be able to reproduce |
| biological species concept | defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the ability to breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring |
| macroevolution | encompasses more dramatic biological changes-origin of new species, extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things-over a LONG period of time |
| speciation | the origin of new species |
| reproductive isolation | some kind of barrier that keeps 2 species from interbreeding |
| timing | different breeding seasons |
| behavior | two similar species may have different courtships or mating behaviors (dances, sounds etc.) |
| habitat | one lives on land, the other in water...no babies for them |
| physically incapable | an elephant and a mouse just can't do it... |
| geographic isolation | seperation of populations as a result of geographic change or dispersal to geographically isolated places |
| adaptive radiation | such evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species adapted to different environments |
| punctuated euilibrium | species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change |
| embryology | the study of the processes of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| geological time scale | organizes Earth's history into 4 distinct ages known as the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenezoic (then divided into periods) |
| radiometric dating | based on the measurement of certain radioactive isotopes in objects |
| half-life | the number of years it takes for 50 percentof the original sample to decay |
| continental drift | landmasses on different plates change position relative to each other as a result of this movement |
| mass extinctions | the fossil record reveals that Earth's history has long periods of relative stability broken up by comparitively brief episodes of great species loss |
| taxonomy | involves the identification, naming, and classification of species |
| binomial | a two-part name to each species |
| phylogenetic tree | the group that species are classified in (groups in groups) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, order, family, genus, species |
| convergent evolution | a process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar |
| analogous structures | similar adaptation that result from convergent evolution |
| clade | each evolutionary branch in a phylogenic tree |
| derived characteristics | unique features that unite the organisms as a clade |
| cladogram | a phylogenic diagram that specifies the derived characters of clades |
| five-kingdom system | monerans, protists, plants, fungi, animals |
| three domain system | bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes |
| embryo sac | the resulting structure of the 3 cycles of mitosis-female gametophyte |
| pollination | pollen grains released from anthers land on the stigmata of flowers of the same species |
| pollen tube | once the pollen is on a stigmata, a pollen grain absorbs water and extends a structure-this structure grows toward the ovary through the sytle |
| dicot adaptation | hooked shoot tip that protects the delicate shoot by holding it downward as shoot moves through the soil |
| monoct adaptation | a sheath surrounding the shoot pushes straight upward \, breaking through the soil |
| secondary growth | growth in plant width |
| primary growth | growth in plant length |
| vascular cambium | a cylinder of actively dividing cells located between the xylem and the phloem |
| wood | the secondary xylem that is laid down in the growing seasons of each year accumulates as this |
| cork cambium | a meristem that develops from parenchyma cells in the remaining cortex |
| bark | everything outside the vascular cambium |
| nitrogen | (Function in plant) protein and nucleic acid synthesis |
| sulfur | (FIP) protein synthesis |
| phosphorus | (FIP) nucleic acid and ATP synthesis |
| potassium | (FIP) protein synthesis; regulation of osmosis |
| calcium | (FIP) cell wall formation; enyzyme activity |
| magnesium | clorophyll synthesis; enzyme activity |
| nitrogen fixation | certain species of soil bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in this process |
| legumes | plants such as peas, peanuts, alfalfa, and beans that house their own nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
| nitrogen absorption | plants that can't absorb nitrogen need bacteria in the soil to do it- nitrogen must first be converted to ammonia ions or nitrate ions |
| nitrogen fixing bacteri | bacteria that converts nitrogen to ammonia |
| ammonifying bacteria | break down organic materials (feces & dead leaves) |
| nitrifying bacteria | converts ammonia ions to nitrate ions |
| root nodules | the legumes house their bacteria in these lumps found on the roots |
| root hairs | tiny outgrowths of the root's epidermal cells |
| root pressure | helps push water up the xylem and usually operates at night |
| endodermis | a layer of cells that surround the vascualr cambium |
| transpiration | the loss of water through the leaves due to evaporation-this generates the pull of of water up a tree |
| cohesion | the tendancy of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another |
| adhesion | the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition |
| tracheids | long cells with tapered ends |
| vessel elements | wider, shorter, much less tapered cells-hollow |
| guard cells | a pair of these cells surround each stoma open and close the stoma by changing shape |
| stoma | pores in the epidermis of leaves |
| sieve-tube members | the ploem of vascular tissue transports sucrose and other organic componds along with water-this strem of ploem sap occurs through these chains of cells |
| companion cells | cells alongside sieve-tube members that provide proteins and other resources |
| pressure-flow mechanism | water flows from where its pressure is higher to where its lower |
| source to sink | phloem moves sugars from where they're made to where they are used |
| epiphytes | a plant that grows on the surface of another plant but makes all its own food through photosynthesis |
| [arasite | plants that grow on other plants, but tap into the host plant's vascular tissue and steal their food |
| plant hormones | chemical messengers in plants |
| auxins | produced in the apical meristem promote cell elongation (build up on the shaded side and stimulates growth beneath the tip) |
| cytokinins | stimulate cell division produced in actively growing tissues (embyros, roots, and fruits) |
| gibberellins | stimulate the growth of stems by promoting cell division and cell elongation also promote seed germination |
| abscisic acid ABA | during dormancy, this hormone inhibits celll division in buds and in the vascular cambium (halts primary and secondary growth during dormancy) also promotes dormancy in seeds also causes stomata to close |
| ethylene | stimulate fruit ripening promotes "leaf drop" |
| thigmotropism | a change in plant growth due to touch |
| phototropism | the growth of a plant part toward or away from light |
| gravitropism | a plant's growth in respins to gravity |
| halophytes | salt-tolerant plants with adaptations such as salt-glands |
| circadian rhythm | a bioloigical cycle that occurs about every 24 hours |
| photoperiodism | the ability to use an environmental stimulus to time seasonal activities |
| short-day plants | certain plants flower in the fall or winter when the dark periods exceeds a certain length |
| critial night length | when the dark period exceeds a certain length |
| long-day plants | flower in the late spring or summer when dark periods shorten |
| day-neutral plant | flowers when it reaches a certain stage of maturity, regardless of the length of the day or night |
| phytochromes | pigmented proteins that detect sunrise and sunset |
| blastula | the first several cell divisions lead to an embryonic stage called a ________ that is common to all animals consists of a single layer of cells surrounding a hollow cavity |
| gastrula | one side of the blastula folds inward, forming an embryonic stage has both an outer and inner layer of cells |
| larva | immature form of an animal that looks different from the adult form and usually eats different food |
| metamorphosis | the larva undergoes a change of body form and becomes an adult |
| invertebrate | an animal without a backbone |
| vertebrate | animals with backbones |
| sponges | animals that lack true tissues and organs |
| collar cells | the inner layer of cells that line the central cavity of the sponge-have flagella |
| amoebocytes | wandering through the jelly-like material are cells that pick up food from the collar cells, digest it, and carry the nutrients to other cells |
| sessile | animals that are unable to move |
| cnidarians | invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity |
| radial symmetry | an animal that has body parts arranged like pieces of a pie around an imaginary central axis |
| cnidocytes | specialized stinging cells used for defense and capturing prey |
| nematocyst | contains a coiled tubule that often has a posionous barb at the end |
| gastrovascular cavity | a digestive sac with one opening |
| polyp | a cylindrical body with tentacles radiating from one end |
| medusa | an umbrella-shaped from with fringes of tentacles around the lower-edge |
| flatworms | planarians are examples of the mostly small, leaflike or ribbon like ______ |
| bilateral symmetry | an animal that has a mirror-image right and left sides |
| roundworms (nematodes) | small, cylindrical worms with somewhat pointed heads and tapered tails |
| complete digestive tract | a digestive tract that has two openings (mouth and anus) on opposite ends of a continuous tube |
| rotifer | tiny animals |
| annelids | earth worms and other segmented worms means "little rings" |
| closed circulatory system | where the blood remains contained within vessels |
| acoelomates | animals that lack a body cavity |
| pseudocoelom | a fluid-filled body cavity in direct contact with the digestive tract |
| coelom | fluid-filled cavity that is completely line by tissue that originated in the embryo from mesoderm tissue |
| mollusk | invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell |
| mantle | an outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal |
| radula | extends from the mouth and slides back and forth like a garden rake, scraping and scooping algae off rocks |
| open circulatory system | system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels |
| gastropods | snails and slugs-can live on land or in water |
| bivalves | animals that have hinged shells divided into 2 halves |
| cephalopods | ocean dwelling mollusks whose foot is adapted to form tentacles around the mouth-faster and more agile than gastropods |
| echinoderms | animals that lack body segments, and in most adult forms the external parts of the animal radiate from the center like the spokes of a wheel |
| endoskeleton | a hard internal skeleton |
| water vascular system | a network of water-filled canals |
| tube feet | branches of water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding and respiration |
| protosomes | mollusks, annelids, athropods |
| deutrostomes | echinoderms, chordates |
| Cambrian explosion | a burst of animal diversity |
| arthropods | animals with segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton |
| thorax | the midsection of athropods |
| jointed appendages | the parts attached to its segments |
| exoskeleton | a hard external skeleton |
| chitin | layers of protein mixed with polysaccharide |
| molting | as an arthropod grows, it must periodically shed its old exoskleton a secrete a larger one |
| ganglia | clusters of nerve bodies |
| compound eyes | eyes with many facets, each with its own lens |
| tracheae | chitin-lined tubes that lead from the interval parts of the body to the outside |
| spiracles | holes in the exoskeleton that allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| crustaceans | lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles, and others |
| arachnids | spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks |
| insects | beetles, ants, grasshoppers, butterflies, dragonflies, and others |
| myriapods | centipeds, and millipedes |
| cephalothorax | the fused head and thorax |
| chelicerae | fang-like mouth parts used to paralyze prey with poison |
| pedipalps | mouth parts used to manipulate prey once it has been paralyzed |
| malpighian tubules | excretory structures that remove wastes from the fluid in the body cavity |
| book lungs | contain many flaps that provide a large surface area for gas exchange |
| spinnerets | silk that is spun into fibers by organs near the end of the abdomen |
| carapace | the portion of the exoskeleton that covers the back of the cephalothorax forms a shield |
| mandibles | the mouth parts closest to the mouth tha bite and grind food |
| incomplete metamorphosis | the change from juvenile to adult that is not very dramatic |
| entomology | the study of bugs |
| biological control | the control of pest organisms by interfering with their natural ecological environments |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the body's main processing center |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | delivers info to the CNS and carries messages from the CNS to other organs through communication lines called nerves |
| nerve | consists of neuron fibers surrounded by connective tissue communication lines |
| stimulus | info about an external environment change |
| sensory neurons | neurons that carry info about the stimulus to the CNS |
| sensory receptors | stimuli are recieved by highly specialized cells |
| interneurons | neurons that interpret the info about a stimulus |
| motor neurons | neurons that carry signals away from the CNS such as a muscle to contract |
| reflex | a rapid automatic response |
| dendrites | fibers that recieve signals and carry them toward the neuron's cells body |
| axon | a fiber that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and toward other cells |
| myelin sheath | the axonis insulated by this thick coating material |
| nodes | the space between the myelin sheath |
| resting potential | the voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron |
| depolarization | the chrage swithces across the membrane (positive-negative and vice-versa) |
| threshold | the stimulus must be strong enough to depolarize the membrane to a certain level |
| action potential | a stronger depolarization that is the start of the nerve signal |
| synapse | the junction between the axon's knobs and another cell |
| synaptic cleft | a tiny space between the axon's knobs and another cell |
| neurotransmitters | small, nitrogen-containing organic compounds |
| somatic nervous system | carry signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles (mostly voluntary actions) |
| voluntary actions | actions under your concious control |
| involuntary actions | actions not under your voluntary control |
| autonomic nervous system | carries signals to organs such as the intestines, heart, and glands involuntary |
| sympatheitc division | increases the general level of activity in the body and makes more energy available |
| parasympathetic divison | calms the body and returns it to regular maintenance functions |
| spinal cord | processes the certain types of sensory info and sends out responses via motor neurons -also contains neurons that convey signals to and from the brain |
| cerebrum | largest and most complex part of the brain left hemisphere-controls right side body movements right hemisphre-control left side body movements |
| corpus callosum | supports communication between the hemispheres |
| cerebral cortex | the outer region of the cerebrum-divided into several lobes that control different functions of the body |
| cerebellum | coordination center for movements-recieves signals from the cerebum indicating a need to move |
| brainstem | divided into 3 parts (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) filters all the info from the sensory and motor neurons going to and from the brain-also regulates sleep, control breathing, and helps coordinate body movements |
| thalamus | sorts info going to and coming from the cerebral cortex |
| hypothalamus | regulates body temp, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, and emotions |
| limbic system | the connection between memory, emotions, and senses are part of this system |
| sensation | an awareness of sensory stimuli |
| perception | meanigful interpretation of sensory data |
| pain receptors | sense pain found all over body except for brain |
| thermoreceptors | detect heat and cold found in the skin and certain internal organs |
| mechanoreceptors | sense touch, pressure, stretch, and motion found on the skin |
| chemoreceptors | sense certain types of chemicals found in the nose and on taste buds |
| photoreceptors | sense various wavelengths of light found in eyes |
| cornea | a transparent area of the sclera where light enters the eye |
| iris | gives your eye color |
| pupil | the dark opening in the center of the iris control how much light enters the eye |
| retina | the inner surface of the eye helps to focus images |
| cones | detect color |
| rods | detect black, white, shades of gray |
| auditory canal | a tunnel-like opening at the beginning of the ear |
| eardrum | a sheet of tissue that sepreate the outer ear from the inner ear |
| auditory tube | conducts air between the middle ear and the back of the throat, keeping the air pressure on either side of the eardrum |
| cochlea | a fluid-filled spiral shaped channel where vibrations are sent to the brain to be interpreted also helps with balance |
| pathogens | disease causing organisms or viruses |
| infectious diseases | diseases caused by pathogens |
| nonspecific defense | barriers that don't distinguish one invader from another |
| macrophage | WBC that eat pathogens |
| neutrophils | WBC that eat and send chemicals into the invader also kills WBC |
| Natural killers (NK) | WBC that release chemicals that poke holes in the pathogen, killing it |
| phagocytosis | cellular eating |
| inflammatory response | a nonspecific defense characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain |
| mast cells | cells that release histamine at the sight of the inflammatory site |
| histamine | causes nearby blood vessels to dilate (expand) |
| interferon | a family of proteins produced by cells in response to becoming infected by a virus |
| immunity | means your body is resistant is resitant to the pathogen that causes a specific disease |
| antigen | a large molecule, usually a protein, that provokes an immune response |
| antibodies | proteins found on the surface of certain WBCs, or in blood plasma, that attach to particular antigens |
| B cells | lymphocytes that develop in bone marrow work with hummoral immunity |
| T cells | lymphocytes that develop in the thymus work with cell-mediated immunity |
| plasma cell | produces and secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that activated the original B cell |
| humoral immunity | immunity that originates from B cells- travel in the blood and other body fluids |
| cell-mediated immunity | since T cells attack other cells, they produce this type of immunity |
| cytotoxic T cell | clones of T cells that attack cells infected with a pathogen that triggered the response |
| helper T cells | activated by binding to cells that display antigens in pathogens secrete chemicals that activate both cytotoxic T cells and B cells |
| memory cells | long lasting lymphocytes that remember pathogens so when the pathogen attacks again, the body responds quickly |
| primary immune respose | first response to a pathogen attack-relatively slow and weak b/c time is needed for enough specific lymphocytes to from and defeat the pathogen |
| secondary immune response | second response to a pathogen attak-much stronger and faster b/c the body has developed memory cells for that specific virus/pathogen |
| vaccine | a dose of a pathogen or part of a pathogen that has been disabled or destroyed so it's no longer harmful |
| active immunity | when your body produces antibodies against an infection |
| passive immunity | when your body recieves antibodies from an outside source |
| allergy | an abnormal over-sensitivity to an otherwise unharmful antigen |
| allergen | an unharmful antigen that someone would be allergic to |
| autoimmune disease | when the immune system turns against its own molecues-can't distinguish self from non-self |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrom-caused by HIV, or when your T cell level gets too low |
| HIV | when your body destroys the helper T cells |
| negative feedback | feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input |
| endocrine glands | hormones are secreted by organs of the endocrine system |
| hormones | chemical messengers that trigger many of the responses that maintain homeostasis |
| urea | ammonia combined with carbon dioxide |
| excretion | the removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the body |
| target cells | certain cells that are equipped to respond to a particular hormone |
| kidneys | primary organ of the excretory system excrete wasters and regulate water/salt balance |
| urine | a liquid composed of water, urea, and other wastes |
| ureter | tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | sac that holds urine |
| urethra | a tube through which urine leaves the body |
| nephrons | flitering stations in the kidneys |
| glomerulus | a tiny ball of capillaries-fliters at the beginning of the kidneys |
| bowman's capsule | the filtrate that is collected in a cup-shaped portion of the nephron |
| dialysis | processing the blood outside the body-replacement for kidneys |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| cirrhosis | scarring of the liver |
| ADH | stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions and mammary gland cells |
| growth hormone | stimulates growth and metabolism |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | stimulates thyroid gland |
| ACTH | stimulates adrenal cortex |
| Thymosin | stimulates T cell development (immune system) |
| insulin | decreases blood glucose levels |
| glucagon | increases blood glucose levels |
| testosterone | supports sperm cell development and male secondary sex characteristics |
| melatonin | involved in day/night cycles |
| releasing hormone | triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete hormones |
| thyroxine | stimulates and maintains metabolic processes |
| calcitonin | lowers blood calcium levels |
| PTH | raises blood calcium levels |
| epinephrine and norepinephrine | increases blood glucose; increases metabolic processes, constrict certain blood vessels |
| corticosteroids | promote glucose synthesis, reduce inflammation, increase blood glucose |
| estrogen | stimulates uterine lining growth and development of female secondary sex chracteristics |
| progesterone | promotes uterine lining growth |
| pituitary gland | secretes hormones that influence other glands and body functions |
| thyroid | butterfly-shaped gland wrapped around your trachea that secrete thyroxine and calcitonin |
| ovaries | where egg cells are produced |
| follicle | a cluser of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing egg |
| oviduct | serves as a tube to the uterus |
| uterus | contains and protects the developing egg |
| cervix | connects the uterus to the vagina |
| vagina | recieves penis and sperm during intercourse birth canal mentrual flow |
| testes | sperm development |
| scrotum | house testes outside of body for better sperm development |
| epididymis | where sperm development is completed |
| semen | fluid w/ sperm that fertilizes egg |
| vas deferens | connecting ducts between from sperm to epididymis |
| penis | the male organ that transfers sperm to a female and that carries urine out of the body. |
| ovulation | the secondary oocyte is released when the follicle breaks during this process |
| ovum | mature egg cell with a haploid nucleus |
| ovarian cycle | cyclic changes in the ovaries |
| menstrual cycle | cyclic changes in the uterus |
| endometrium | uterus lining that breaks down during menstruation |
| menstruation | epithelial cells, mucus, and blood are discharged through the vagina |
| fertilization | when the egg and sperm cells fuse |
| zygote | a fertilized egg |
| cleavage | a rapid series of mitotic divisions |
| blastocyst | a ball of cells created from cleavage |
| trophoblast | the outer layer of cells on the blastocyst |
| embryo | the developing organism from 9 weeks on |
| implantation | the imbedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium |
| gastrulation | forms 3 layers of cells (ectoderm: outer-mesoderm:inner-endoderm:inner) |
| placenta | enables nutrients to pass from the mother to embryo |
| fetus | developing child from 9 weeks till birth |
| labor | a series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus |
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