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Trait a physical behavior or biochemical characteristic controlled by genes Law of Segregation 2 copies of the genes for the same trait separate into different gametes The "Law of Segregation" was established by... Gregor Mendel Genotypes Actual combo of genetics/alleles Alleles Different Version of genes governing the same trait Phenotypes What we see Homozygous Dominant 2 capital letters Heterozygous Capital letter and lowercase letter Homozygous Recessive Recessive Genes Dihybrid Cross A cross between 2 species that focuses on 2 traits Law of Independent Assortment genes of different traits separate into gametes independently from each other Codominance like incomplete dominance, neither allele is truly dominant over the other, but both alleles get expressed as opposed to an intermediate phenotype Linked Genes genes that are formed on the same chromosomes & hence tend to get inherited together Rules for Sex-Linked Problems - If a gene is sex-linked, it is found on X, but not Y - Think of the gene and chromosome as a unit (Xb,Xr) - Phenotypic ratios must include sex (red eyed females) Continuous Variation many of our traits (height, IQ, hair color) span a wide range of phenotypes & typically under control of multiple genes Modifier Genes Can change expression of other genes XX Female XY Male