Western Civ. Terms and Concepts
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Protestantism | the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation |
| Joint-stock company | business organization that raised money by selling investors stocks, or shares, in the company. |
| Mercantilism | economic theory stating that there is an fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a lager share, one country has to take some wealth away from another county. |
| Tariffs | import taxes in foreign goods |
| subsidies | government grants of money |
| absolute monarchy | system of government in which the ruler determines policy without consulting either the people or their representatives (kings and queens) |
| divine right of king | belief that God ordained certain individuals to govern (made by Louis XIV, also made Versailles) |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A government that has a monarch who serves as the symbolic head of state, and has little power |
| Salons | gatherings of the social, political, and cultural elite in France during the Enlightenment. |
| rationalism | belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason, or logical thinking. |
| popular sovereignty | government principle based on just laws and on a government created by and subject to the will of the people |
| First Estate | consists of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church and constituted less than 1 percent of the French population. Did not have to pay tax. |
| Second Estate | consists of the nobility and represents less than 2 percent of the French population. Paid few taxes and had special privileges. Held highest positions in the government and army. |
| Third Estate | consists of the rest of the population of France, 97%, most of this estate was poor and had no voice in making or changing laws |
| Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite | french ideas of revolution, freedom, liberty, and equality |
| Suffrage | voting rights |
| Conservative | people who do not want to change existing conditions (right wing people, tradition) |
| Radical | people who want to institute far-reaching changes (intense, extreme, side of the spectrum) |
| Coup d'etat | seizure of power by force (Napoleon used this) |
| Moderate | people who gave no extreme views, who may side with either conservatives, liberals or radicals depending at the issues at hand |
| Balance of Power | principle of maintaing equilibrium in international politics |
| Liberalism | political movement extending the principles of the American and French Revolutions, stressing individual rights and the rule of law rather than the rule of a monarch. |
| Enclosure Movement | 1600s: english farmers enclosed common lands into individuals holdings. Was more efficient fo large-scale farming. Increased food production and price of food. |
| Factors of production | basic resources necessary for industrialization such as land, capital, and labor |
| Factory System | production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers. (Also think about the effect on workers) |
| Capitalism | economic system in which private individuals rather than the government control the factos of production |
| Division of Labor | characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs (in the factory system) |
| Mass production | system of manufacturing large number of identical items |
| Corporation | business organization in which individuals buy shares of stock, elect directors to decide policies and hire managers, and receive money according to the number of shares they own |
| Monopoly | complete control of the production or sale of a good or service by a single firm |
| Laissez-Faire | belief that government should not interfere with the operations of business |
| Collective bargaining | process of negations between union members and management |
| Socialism | political and economic system in which the government owns the means of production |
| Communism | economic and political system in which the government owns almost all the means of production and controls economic planning; authoritarian socialism |
| Nationalism | love of one's country rather than love of one's native region |
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