| Term | Definition |
|---|
| The 5 features of Civilization | 1) Advanced Cities; 2) Specialized Workers; 3) Complex institutions; 4) Record Keeping; 5) Improved Technology |
| 3 Innovations of the Sumerian Culture | Arithmetic and Geometry, Architectural Innovations (arches, columns, etc), Cuneiform |
| Importance of Hammurabi's Code | 1) unified diverse groups within the empire; 2) protected women and children from unfair treatment; 3) Reinforced the principle that government had a responsibility for what occurred in society |
| The view of Family and Elders in the Shang Dynasty | 1) Most important virtue is respect for parents; 2) elder men controlled the family's properties and decisions; 3) marriage arranged between 13 and 16 years old |
| Innovations from the Zhou dynasty | 1) roads and canals built to stimulate trade and agriculture; 2) coined money was introduced, which further improved trade; 3) blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed |
| Dynastic Cycle (definition) | the cycle that shows the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties |
| Who Created the World's first Empire? | Sargon created the Babylonian empire |
| Who was the Scorpion King? | A king who may have united Upper and Lower Egypt, but it was more likely Narmer |
| One Modern Feature Unique in Mohenjo- Daro | Sophisticated city planning with precise grid systems, citadel, and buildings of oven-baked bricks; plumbing and sewage systems |
| Why have we not been able to decipher Harappan writing? | Linguists have not found any inscriptions that are bilingual |
| Rivers in this Chapter | Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, Nile |
| Fertile Crescent | an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea |
| Mesopotamia | A plain in the Fertile Crescent whose name translate to "land between the rivers" |
| city-state | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
| Dynasty | a series of rulers from a single family |
| cultural diffusion | the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
| polytheism | a belief in many gods |
| empire | a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler |
| Hammurabi | First Dynasty of Babylon; made first code of laws |
| Delta | a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river |
| Narmer | Person believed to have untied Upper and Lower Egypt |
| pharaoh | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader |
| thocracy | a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure |
| pyramid | a massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs |
| mummification | a process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying |
| hieroglyphics | an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds |
| papyrus | a tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike material for writing on |
| subcontinent | a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent |
| monsoon | a wind that shifts in the direction at certain times of each year |
| Harappan civilization | another name for the Indus Valley Civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning |
| loess | a fertile deposit of windblown soil |
| oracle bone | one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods |
| Mandate of Heaven | in Chinese History, the divine approval of thought to be the basis of royal authority |
| feudalism | a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land |
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