| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cellular Respiration | the process by which cells obtain energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| Glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| Pyruvic Acid | the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular repiration that follow glycolysis |
| NADH | the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration |
| Anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen |
| NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) | an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized to ___ and reduced to NADH |
| Fermentation | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that is called ______ as the main end product |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol |
| Kilocalories | a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
| Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) | a copmound that is synthesized by cells and that plays a major role in metabolism |
| Krebs Cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy |
| Oxaloacetic Acid | a four-carbon compound of Krebs cycle that combines with Acetyl CoA to form citric acid |
| Citric Acid | a six-carbon compound formed in the Krebs cycle |
| FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) | a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions |
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