| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Bloody Sunday | Jan. 22nd, protesting workers are shot down by guards at Tsar's Winter Palace; beginning of 1905 revolution |
| Napolean | French general who invades Russia but fails to capture Moscow |
| Scorched Earth | Russian war tactic of burning land as they retreat into winter season (creating harsh conditions for enemies) |
| Decemberist Uprising | revolt by by privileged military class; revolt fails but is inspiration for future Russian revolutionaries |
| Crimean War | Russia claims right to protect pilgrimage of the Eastern Orthodox and wants control over Black Sea straits for access to Mediterranean Sea; war exposes Russia's military backwardness and lack of industrialism. |
| Westeners | liberal minded nobles and middle class that want Russian government to reform similarly to Western Europe |
| Slavophiles | wanted gov't to reform based off of slavic tradition, orthodox church and leadership of the tsar |
| Populism | intellectual and student revolutionaries that wanted peasants to overthrow tsar |
| Anarchists | revolutionaries that wanted no gov't and destruction of all institutions |
| Nihilists | revolutionaries that believed nothing was sacred and wanted to kill key officers in gov't and tsar *Nechaev- "Will of the People"* |
| Mirs | Village communes that serfs were tied to for 49 years to pay collective debt |
| Liberation of Serfs | serfs are freed in 1861; hurts economy (uneducated workforce) and ties peasants to mirs |
| Zemstovs | local councils created in 1864 with representatives for nobles, peasants and villages that met once a year in each province to discuss issues affecting them |
| Russification | Strict policy made under Alex 3 where anyone was considered unloyal to Russia if they questioned tsarist authority, spoke a language other than Russian, or followed a religion other than Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Pale | 15 provinces in the southwestern part of the empire where Russian Jews were forced to live (Ghettos) |
| Progom | bloody massacre of Jewish people |
| Mensheviks | moderate group of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party; believed that Russia should achieve a socialist society by creating a working class first |
| Bolsheviks | radical group of the Russian Social Democratic Labor party; believed that Russia should achieve a socialist society immediately |
| Soviets | workers' council formed to voice workers' grievances |
| Trotsky | Leader of Soviets in St.Petersburg |
| Duma | national legislative assembly; was at first only an advisory council to the Tsar |
| Freedom Manifesto | issued by Tsar Nick 2 in 1905; granted individual rights to citizens and allowed Duma to make laws |
| Russo-Japanese War | Russia tries to get a warm water port on Pacific Ocean and expand Russian territory but loses war due to railroad making transportation of troops and supplies difficult |
| Trans-Siberian Railway | Railroad track going through Russia |
| Rasputin | Peasant and holy man; was relied on by tasr Nick 2 and Wife Alexandra to help their son Alexis; his close ties to the royal family were believed to influence gov't policies, rumors were spread that he was sleeping with the Tsar's wife and abusing the tsar's children |
| Karl Marx's Veiw of History | History goes in a linear progression through class struggle; Middle class overthrows upper class- working class over throws middle class- classless society(communism-thought of as Heaven on Earth); "voice of history" will inform workers of their historical role |
| Lenin's Changes to Marx's Theory | Lenin wants to bring revolution to Russia instead of waiting for it to come. |
Combine with other sets
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