Biology Chapter 11
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kaeppellau on May 29, 2012
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 genetics | scientific study of heredity |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproduction cells join to form a new cell |
| true-breeding | term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
| trait | specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
| hybrid | offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| allele | one of a number of different forms of a gene |
| segregation | separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| gamete | specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
| The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. | What is the principle of dominance? |
| What happens during segregation? | During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Each F` plant produces two types of gametes---those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness. |
| probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| Punnett square | diagram showing the gene combinations that might result form a genetic cross |
| homozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait. |
| heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait. |
| phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| How do geneticists use the principles of probability? | The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. |
| Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result form a cross. | How do genetics use Punnett squares? |
| independent assortment | independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
| incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| multiple alleles | three or more alleles of the same gene |
| polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes |
| What is the principle of independent assortment? | It states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. |
| What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance? | Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and man traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes |
| Homologous | chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite-sex parent |
| diploid | a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. |
| meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
| What happens during the process of meiosis? | Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cells. |
| How is meiosis different from mitosis? | Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells. |
| gene map | diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome |
| Chromosomes, not individual genes. | What structures actually assort independently? |
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