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biochemistry the study of molecules that compose living organisms element the simpliest form of matter to have unique chemical properties atomic number the number of protons in its nucleus 91 there are blank naturally occuring elements on earth minerals inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms electron the more energy an blank has, the farther away from the nucleus its orbit lies valence electrons blank determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom isotopes different blank of an element exhibit identical chemical behavior, but they differ in physical behavior ions blank are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons acid a molecule that releases a proton, a proton donor base this is a proton acceptor pH H+ concentration is measured in blank anioxidant neutralizes free radicals molecules chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond compounds molecules composed of two or more elements ionic bond the attraction of a cation to an anion covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons polar covalent atoms are joined by blank blank bonds buffers blank are solutions that resist changes in pH chemical reaction a blank is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken decomposition reaction when a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones synthesis reactions when two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one exchange reactions when two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms equilibrium when the ratio of products to reactants is stable catabolism energy releasing decomposition reactions, also known as an exergonic reaction anabolism consists of energy storing synthesis reactions, also known as an energonic reaction functional groups small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule glucose, galactose and fructose examples of monosaccharides sucrose, lactose and maltose examples of disaccharides sucrose glucose + fructose lactose glucose + galactose maltose glucose + glucose glycogen blank is an energy storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus and vagina starch the corresponding energy storage polysaccharide of plants cellulose a structure polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants lipid hydrophobic, usually composed of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen fatty acid a chain of atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other essential fatty acids must be obtained from the diet because we cannot synthesize them triglyceride a molecule consisting of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol, also called neutral fats phospholipid blank has a phosphate group which is linked to other functional groups eicosanoids hormonelike chemical signals between cells prostaglandins 5 carbon atoms are arranged in a ring steroid a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings cholesterol parent steroid in which other steroids are synthesized protein polymers of amino acids primary structure a proteins blank is encoded in genes secondary structure a proteins blank is a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds between another slightly negative or positive peptide bond tertiary structure a proteins blank is formed by the further b ending and folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes quaternary structure a proteins blank is the association of two or more polypeptide chains structure, communication, channels, enzymes and antibodies the 5 functions of protein are enzymes proteins that function as biological catalysts cofactors change the shape of active sites Ca++ Mg++ Ma++ Cu++ Zn++ examples of cofactors coenzyme organic cofactor coenzyme transfers electrons between metabolic pathways nitrogenous base, sugar and on or more phosphate groups nucleotides 3 componants cell basic unit of structure and function receptors, enzymes, ion channels, cell identity makers and cell adhesion molecules 5 functions of membrane protein microvilli increases surface area for absorption metabolic pathway a chain of reactions with each step suually catalyzed by a different enzyme ATP the bodys most important energy transfer molecule cilium have microtubules, 9 dublets and 2 large (9+2) respiratory system moves mucus to throat aerobic respiration breaks pyruvic acid down to carbon dioxide and water and generates up to 36 more molecules