The Tissue Level of Organization
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 4 Types of Tissues | 1. Connective 2. Muscular 3. Epithelial 4. Nervous |
| Connective Tissue | Structure, support, protection |
| Muscular Tissue | contract and generate force |
| Nervous Tissue | transmit nerve impulses (information) |
| Epithelial Tissue | coverings, linings, glands |
| Epithelial Tissue | Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascularity but innovated by nerve fibers, regeneration |
| Epithelial Tissue | tightly packed cells, little or no extracellular matrix, avascular |
| Epithelial Tissue | Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion |
| Glandular epithelium | covering or lining epithelium, forms glands |
| Simple Epithelia | Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption |
| Stratified Epithelia | protection |
| Squamous Epithelia | rapid diffusion |
| Cuboidal Epithelia | may have microvilli, secretion or absorption |
| Columnar Epithelia | may have cilia or microvilli, secretion and absorption |
| Simple Squamous Epithelia | Absorption, diffusion, filtration Found in intestine |
| Mesothelium | part of simple squamous epithelia, lines body cavities, serous membranes |
| Endothelium | part of simple squamous epithelia, lines heart and blood and lymph nodes |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelia | secretion and absorption, glands Found in kidney |
| Simple Columnar Epithelia | Absorption and secretion, dense microvilli, protective lubricating mucus Found in lining of digestive tract |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia | appears layered, secretes and absorbs, cilia movement. Sweeps mucus away from lungs. Found in trachea. |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelia | protects against attacks, keratinized vs. nonkeratinized Found in vagina |
| Keratin | protein adds strength and water resistance |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia | Protection, secretion and absorption. Rare, found in ducts of sweat and esophageal glands, part of the male urethra |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelia | Protection. Rare, small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining of some glandular ducts. Also occurs at transition areas |
| Transitional Epithelia | stretching and recoiling. Found in Bladder, portions of the uterus and urethra. |
| Gland | one or more cells that makes and secretes an aquaous fluid |
| Endocrine Glandular Epithelia | ductless site of product release |
| Exocrine Glandular Epithelia | site of product release with duct. Unicellular and multicellular |
| Unicellular Exocrine Glandular Epithelia | individual secretory cells, scattered among epithelia, goblet cells. ex. intestinal lining |
| Multicellular Exocrine Glandular Epithelia | duct, secretory unit |
| Goblet Cells | mucous cells |
| Merocrine | most common mode of secretion in glandular epithelia, exocytosis. Found in pancreas, sweat and salivary glands |
| Connective Tissue | most abundant and widely distrubuted tissue type Scattered cells and Extracellular matrix |
| Four Classes of Connective Tissue | Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone and Blood |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Loose and Dense. Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, adipocytes. |
| Cartilage | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage. chondroblasts, chondrocytes |
| Bone Tissue | Compact and Spongy. Osteoblasts and osteocytes |
| Blood Tissue | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| Connective Tissue | Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina). Binding and support, protection, insulation and transportation |
| Extracellular Matrix | protein fibers and ground substance |
| Collagen (ECM) | large collagen bundles, strong not stretchy |
| Elastic (ECM) | elastin, stretchy |
| Reticular (ECM) | small collagen bundles |
| Ground Substance (ECM) | texture rock-like to liquid or anything in between, often thickened with carbohydrates and slows pathogen movement |
| Fibroblasts | create and secrete fibers of the ECM, ground substance, chondroblasts in cartilag, osteoblasts in bone |
| Adipocytes | fat cells- store energy |
| Immune Cells | Macrophages, Plasma Cells, Mast Cells, White Blood Cells |
| Macrophages | immune cells that wander and fix |
| Mast Cells | immune cells that release heparin, histamine and enzymes |
| Mesenchyme | embryonic connective tissue, gives rise to all other connective tissues, gel-like ground substance with fibers and star- shaped mesenchymal cells |
| Loose Connective Tissue | the packaging materials of the body, fill spaces between organs, cushion and stabilize cells, support epithelia, blood vessels, nerves |
| 3 Types of Loos Connective Tissue | Areolar, Adipose, Reticular |
| Areolar Connective Tissue | Least specialized, open framework, viscous ground substance, strength, elasticity, support and holds blood vessels and capillary beds ex. underskin (subcutaneous layer) |
| Adipose Connective Tissue | adipocytes, richly vascular, absorbs shock, insulates, stores energy ex. heart |
| Reticular Connective Tissue | provides support, complex, 3-dimensional network, supportive fibers (stroma) ex. spleen, lymph nodes & bone marrow |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses. strong attachments, resilience, tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissues | Strengthen and support, interwoven networks of collagen fibers, layered in skin, joint capsules |
| Perichondrium | dense irregular connective tissues around cartilage |
| Periosteum | dense irregular connective tissues around bones |
| Dense Elastic Connective Tissue | recoil, found in lung, elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes |
| Cartilage | gel-like ground substance, for shock absorption and protection, avascular, tough but flexible, up to 80% water, chondrocytes- cartilage cells. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | most common type, closely packed collagen fibers, tough but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction between bones. Found covering bones, rib tips of sternum, trachea and epiphyseal plates (growth plates). |
| Elastic Cartilage | Epiglottis, auricle, auditory tubes, strength and elasticity |
| Fibrocartilage | thick collagen fibers with rows of chondrocytes, tough and compressible, can withstand heavy pressure, limits movement, prevents bone-to-bone contact, pads knee joints, found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs |
| Osseous Tissue | Movement, blood cell production site, triglyceride storage site, store calcium and phosphorus. Supplied by blood vessels, osteocytes, compact and spongy bone |
| Compact Bone | Osteons- subunits |
| Spongy Bone | Trabeculae filled with red bone marrow |
| Blood Liquid Connective Tissue | blood plasma, formed elements (erthyrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide transport, immune response and blood clotting |
| Muscle Tissue | specialized for contraction, produces all body movement |
| 3 Types of Muscle Tissue | Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | large body muscles responsible for movement. Striated, multinucleate and controlled voluntarily |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | only in the heart, striated, single nucleus, involuntarily controlled |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | in walls of hallow, contracting organs. Ex. blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts. Nonstriated, single nucleus and involuntarily controlled |
| Nervous Tissue | includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, neurons and neuroglia. |
| Mucous, Serous and Cutaneous Membranes | covering and lining epithelial tissue over connective tissue |
| Synovial Membrane | joints, synovocytes and connective tissue only, synovial fluid |
| Regeneration | tissue repair by replacing destroyed tissues. ex. simple infection such as sore throat or pimple |
| Fibrosis | tissue repair by proliferation of scar tissue (fibrous connective tissue), cuts, scrape, puncture |
| Tissue Repair | depends on type of tissue damage and severity of damage. |
| Steps to Tissue Repair | 1. Inflammation sets the stage. 2. Organization restores the blood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair |
| Best Regeneration Capacity | epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue |
| Moderate Regeneration Capacity | Dense Regular and Smooth |
| Weak Regeneration Capacity | Skeletal Muscle and Cartilage |
| Without Regeneration Capacity | Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord. Replaced by scar tissue |
| Primary germ layers | ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, formed early in embryonic development and specialize to form the 4 primary tissues. |
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