Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Geography
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hunterholly on October 7, 2009
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Chapter 1... Do you know all 62? And keep in mind, you can help fill these in if they're not... If I don't have time...!!
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 fieldwork | the study of geography by visiting places and observing the people that live there and how they react with the changes there. |
| human geography | one of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. |
| globalization | the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact; transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales |
| physical geography | One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography. |
| spatial | pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic. |
| spatial distribution | physical location of geographic phenomena across space. |
| pattern | the design of a spatial distribution (e.g. scattered or concentrated) |
| medical geography | the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective; among other things, ______ _______ looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases |
| pandemic | an outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide |
| epidemic | regional outbreak of a disease |
| spatial perspective | observing variations in geographic phenomena across space |
| five themes | Location, Human-environment, Region, Place, and Movement |
| location | the geographical situation of people and things |
| location theory | a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated |
| human-environment | reciprocal relationship between humans and environment |
| region | an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon |
| place | uniqueness of a location |
| sense of place | state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion byremembering important events that occurred in the that place or by labeling a place with a certain character |
| perception of place | belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures |
| movement | the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet |
| spatial interaction | a condition that exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands |
| distance | measurement of the physical space between two places |
| accessibility | the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations; __________ varies from place to place and can be measured |
| connectivity | the degree of direct likage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network |
| landscape | the overall appearance of an area; most are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences |
| cultural landscape | the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape; the layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants |
| sequent occupance | the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape |
| cartography | the art and science of making maps, including data compiliation, layout and design; also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns |
| reference maps | maps , maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude |
| thematic maps | maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon |
| absolute location | The position of place of a certian item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England |
| global positioning system (GPS) | a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers |
| geocaching | a hunt for a cache, the global positioning system coordinates which are placed on the internet by other geocachers |
| relative location | the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places |
| mental map | image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space |
| activity space | the space within which daily activity occurs |
| generalized map | A general map depicting a certain piece of info. such as precipitation. |
| remote sensing | A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study. |
| geographic information system | a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user |
| rescale | Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative |
| formal region | a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogenity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region |
| functional region | a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it |
| perceptional region | a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity |
| culture | The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society. |
| culture trait | A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban. |
| culture complex | A related set of culture traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils. |
| cultural hearth | Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture. |
| independent invention | a trait that many cultural hearths that develop independent of each other |
| cultural diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another |
| contagious diffusion | The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness. |
| hierarchical diffusion | A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. |
| stimulus diffusion | a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place |
| relocation diffusion | Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. |
| geographic concept | Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions. |
| environmental determinism | The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. Also referred to as environmentalism. |
| isotherm | Line on a map connecting points of equal temperature values. |
| possibilism | Geographic viewpoint-a response to determinism-that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choice. |
| cultural ecology | The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment. |
| political ecology | An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated. |
| Time-Distance Decay | The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source. |
| Cultural Barrier | Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in the particular culture. |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination. |
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