us history sat II terms
Order by
260 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 John Roebling | designed the Brooklyn Bridge |
| Louis Sullivan | built the first skyscraper |
| James J. Hill | built the only transcontinental line without government assistance (Great Northern Railroad); classic example of rags-to-riches myth |
| John D. Rockefeller | owner of Standard Oil; built a monopoly by horizontal integration |
| Bessemer Process | process of producing steel by shooting hot air into molten iron |
| Andrew Carnegie | owner of big steel company; built monopoly by vertical integration; believed in the "Gospel of Wealth" |
| Herbert Spencer | coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" regarding Social Darwinism |
| Robber Baron | phrase used to describe that the wealth of wealthy men such as Rockefeller or Carnegie was not earned and is establishing an aristocracy |
| J.P. Morgan | owner of one of the largest banks in the world; influenced the Panics of 1893 and 1907 when he bailed out the U.S. Treasury; purchased Carnegie's steel company and turned it into U.S. Steel |
| Henry George | wrote Progress and Poverty; originated the idea of a single tax on property |
| Edward Bellamy | wrote Looking Backward; predicted falsely that the U.S. would nationalize its economy, remove all class strife and equally distribute wealth in a decade |
| Henry Demarest Lloyd | Muckracking investigative journalist; wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth; wrote about the monopolistic abuses of Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust |
| Samuel Gompers | leader of the American Federation of Labor |
| American Federation of Labor | gained members from Knight of Labor; only accepted skilled workers from craft/trade unions; readily used strikes to achieve goals |
| Mark Twain | aka Samuel Clemens; coined the phrase "The Gilded Age" when he titled a book; wrote Huckleberry Finn |
| William Marcy "Boss" Tweed | leader of NYC Democratic headquarters, Tammany Hall; corrupt senator who pocketed money from grafts and contracts |
| Thomas Nast | political cartoonist during the Gilded Age; spread Republican Party ideas; worked for Harper's Weekly magazine |
| Roscoe Conkling | leader of Stalwarts; collected money with grafts |
| Stalwarts | Republicans who believed in political patronage (spoils system) |
| Mugwumps | aka Half-Breeds; Republicans who favored civil service reform |
| James A. Garfield | Mugwump/Half-Breed who denounced his own party's (Republican Party) corruption; assassinated by a Stalwart who wanted Chester Arthur (Stalwart as well) to be president |
| Mulligan Letters | letters revealing James G. Blaine's suspicious grafting and responsible for his loss of the elections of 1876 and 1884 |
| National Labor Union | organized by Ira Stewart; first attempt to build labor movement on national scale; "8 hours for work, 8 hours for sleep, 8 hours for what we will"- advocated 8 hour work day |
| Knights of Labor | started by Uriah Stephens, led by Terence Powderly; included everyone (regardless of sex, race or skill); preferred boycotts over strikes; declined after Haymarket Square Riot |
| Eugene V. Debs | socialist labor organizer; organized the American Railway Union; organized Pullman Strike |
| Molly Maguires | secret organization of miners who promoted labor violence |
| Pinkerton Detectives | private detective agency led by Allan Pinkerton; became head of spying for Union during Civil War; often hired by corporation to protect property/scabs/strike breakers |
| National Railroad Strike | strike on railroad because of low wages (Panic of 1873); strike spread across nation, violence erupted; during Hayes' presidency |
| Harymarket Square Riot | workers of McCormick Harvesting Machine Company organized strike for 8 hour work day; violence from the first day; anarchists in the crowd threw a bomb killing policemen and triggering shooting; anarchists tried and sentenced |
| open shop | no one is required to join a union in order to be employed |
| closed shop | one must belong to a union before getting employed |
| Homestead Strike | strike against one of Carnegie's steel plant left in the care of Henry Frick; Frick closed down the plant and hired Pinkerton detectives when violence erupted resulting in several deaths |
| Pullman Strike | strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company by American Railway Union; organized by Eugene V. Debs; Cleveland sent federal troops to restore order, move U.S. Mail; federal court forbid interference with transit |
| Jacob Coxey | led about 500 marchers to Washington D.C. to ask for jobs for the poor; march ended quickly upon arrival at the capital |
| Patrons of Husbandry | aka the Grange; secret fraternal organization designed to advance the interests of agriculture; wanted to reduce the influence of corporate monopolies, esp. railroad rates |
| Populist Party | sought to unite industrial laborers and agricultural laborers to stand against capitalists for the advancement of the common man; supported free coinage of silver, gov. ownership of transportation and communication, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, shorter working hours, restrictions on immigration |
| Mary Lease | female founding member of the Populist Party; "raise less corn and more hell"; "the country belongs to wall street"; also fought for women's suffrage and prohibition |
| William Jennings Bryan | famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech; nominated by the Democrats (therefore consolidating the Populist Party to the Democrats) for the election of 1896 where he lost to McKinley |
| Dingley Tariff | tariff signed by McKinley in 1890; set highest tariff rate in American history |
| Social Gospel | reform movement within American Christianity that sought to reemphasize doctrinal purity and traditional worship in favor of social activism; associated with works rather than faith |
| Jane Addams | founded Hull House, a settlement house, to immprove the lives of immigrant poor |
| Hull House | settlement house founded by Jane Addams |
| Hazen Pingree | Republican progressive; goal was to break up graft system associated with city contracts and to create municipal utility companies to compete with privately owned utilities in order to lower rates; turned vacant lots into potato gardens to feed poor |
| Tom Johnson | Democrat progressive; similar to Hazen Pingree's career |
| William James | developed philosophy of pragmatism (testing of truth based on practical consequences of ideas); praised values of individuality, initiative, drive, spontaneity, love of novelty; opposed Transcendentalism |
| John Dewey | advocated a new approach to education where children would be freer to explore knowledge and come to their own conclusions |
| Lewis Hine | photographer who advocated the end to child labor |
| Jacob Riis | muckraking photographer who displayed the poor people's lives in the slums; How the Other Half Lives photography book |
| Lincoln Steffens | muckraking journalist who attacked machine politics for election tampering, police corruption, graft, questionable business practices; wrote The Shame of the Cities |
| Ida Tarbell | Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company attacked Rockefeller's company; disagreed with woman's suffrage |
| Robert La Follette | Progressive Party's candidate for 1924, split Democrat votes allowing Coolidge to win; Wisconsin Idea |
| Wisconsin Idea | idea by Robert La Follette; wanted to get advice from other experts to help shape Reform policies and caused the middle class to want to be ruled by the educated elite; this also caused people to grow accustomed to turning to gov. for help; ended "rugged individualism" |
| Square Deal | Teddy Roosevelt phrase for Progressive agenda; focused on controlling corporations, consumer protection and conservation of natural resources |
| Upton Sinclair | muckraker author who wrote The Jungle about the meat-packing industry; led to the meat inspection act |
| John Muir | conservationist who traveled with Teddy Roosevelt; was nation's conscience in conservation of natural resources |
| New Nationalism | Teddy Roosevelt's campaigning phrase for busting bad trusts, removal of judges from federal courts who struck down Progressive policies and regulation that assailed private property rights |
| New Freedom | name for Woodrow Wilson's domestic agenda; wanted to end all monopolistic business combinations |
| Old Guard | conservative wing of Republican Party that wanted to stop Progressive reform |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Affair | Richard Ballinger gave some land to corporations, this action was condemned by Gifford Pinchot; Taft backed Ballinger and sacked Pinchot; questioned legality of TR's conservation policies |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. | nominated as Supreme Court justice by Teddy Roosevelt; increased federal gov. power to regulate commerce; stood against child labor, intellectual oppression, wiretapping; "clear and present danger" |
| Louis Brandeis | nominated as Supreme Court justice by Woodrow Wilson; formed more liberal base with Holmes; first Jewish justice |
| Bull Moose Party | aka Progressive Party; third party to support Teddy Roosevelt when he did not get the Republican nomination in 1912; supported direct election of senators, push for nationwide primaries for choosing presidential candidates, initiative, referendum, recall, women's suffrage, min. wage laws for women... |
| The Melting Pot | name of a play by Israel Zangwill; attempted to show that distinction between race/religious was pointless in the new country and should not keep lovers apart |
| Booker T. Washington | called for African Americans to develop skills to get off the plantations and give them opportunity to pursue the American Dream; gradual march toward respect; did not think political civil rights were first priority for African Americans |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | helped find the NAACP; demanded immediate equality to African Americans |
| Tuskegee Institute | African American school established by Booker T. Washington; grew from nothing to a prominent school |
| Underwood Tariff | tariff under Wilson; reduced tariff and enacted income tax; big blow against wealthy industrialist desire by Progressives |
| Federal Reserve Act | established efficient system of national banking system; set up 12 regions containing a Federal Reserve Bank to which private banks could belong |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History (showed effects of strong naval power); encouraged imperialism |
| Joseph Pulitzer | newspaper editor of the Evening World; used yellow journalism that boosted support for Spanish-American War |
| William Randolph Hearst | newspaper editor of the Evening Journal; used yellow journalism that boosted support for Spanish-American War |
| USS Maine | American battleship that blew up near Cuba; newspapers blamed Spain for the attack; directly led to declaration of war on Spain for the Spanish-American War |
| Teller Amendment | declared the U.S. had no desire to make Cuba anything more than a sphere of influence |
| Platt Amendment | declared that U.S. would not withdraw from Cuba until Cuba agreed not to sign a treaty with any foreign power threatening Cuban independence; rendered Cuba a protectorate of the US |
| Insular cases | determined that islanders of islands not yet territories/states were ruled by the U.S. but not given full rights as American citizens |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | revolutionary leader of Filipino Insurrection; threw off Spanish authority |
| Open Door Policy | allowed U.S. to still trade and have relations with China when other imperial powers tried to divide the country |
| Boxer Rebellion | in response to the open door notes, Boxers (Righteous and Harmonious Fists) killed foreigners |
| Roosevelt Corollary | corollary to the Monroe Doctrine; declared that U.S. wanted no new land but wanted stability, order, prosperity across Western Hemisphere; U.S. to act as international police to intervene on behalf of Latin America |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | Panamanians allowed canal zone to be leased by the U.S.; for construction of Panama Canal |
| Great White Fleet | U.S. Navy during Teddy Roosevelt's time; showed U.S. s naval power |
| Big Stick Diplomacy | Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy; use military force |
| Dollar Diplomacy | William Howard Taft's foreign policy; America should intervene economically |
| Pancho Villa | bandit leader who resisted oppression by Mexican upper class; led multiply revolutions; first invasion of American soil since War of 1812 |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir of Austria-Hungary throne; was murdered by the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist and independence organization); his death led to Austria-Hungary and Germany to start WWI |
| Triple Alliance | aka Central Powers; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Bulgaria; during WWI |
| Triple Entente | aka Allied Powers; England, France, Russia; during WWI |
| Lusitania | British passenger steamship sunk by a German U-boat; killed several Americans |
| Arabic Pledge | Germany proclaimed that they will not use U-boats to sink non-combatant ships |
| Sussex Pledge | followed the sinking of a French passenger steamer injuring some Americans; Wilson said that unless Germany abandoned submarine warfare, U.S. would break off diplomatic ties |
| Zimmerman Telegram | telegram from Germany's foreign secretary to Mexico offering to help reconquer lost territory if they helped with the war; changed Wilson's mind from neutrality to war (WWI) |
| Selective Service Act | required all men ages 21-30 to register for draft; during WWI |
| John J. Pershing | commander of U.S. forces during WWI; insisted that Americans fight in separate units rather than being combined with the Allied Powers troops |
| Meuse-Argonne Offensive | largest commitment of American fighting units of WWI; cut main German supply line; victory for America as German troops retreated |
| George Creel | in charge of Committee on Public Information (CPI); supported for WWI war effort |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | opposed Wilson about the passage of the League of Nations |
| Irreconcilables | conservative Republicans who supported the war but opposed the League of Nations |
| Henry Ford | owner of a major car company during the 1920s; created the assembly line to reduce price of automobiles; designed the Model T |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | ran Palmer Raids which arrested innocent anarchists, socialists, communists and immigrants with no reason |
| Sacco and Vanzetti Case | 2 Italian anarchists arrested, tried and executed for murder based on faulty information (1920s) |
| Warren Harding | promised to "return to normalcy" |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | scandal that plagued Harding's presidency; Fall, appointed by Harding to oversee oil reserves at Teapot Dome, leased the fields to private developers for money |
| Calvin Coolidge | practiced hands-off, laissez-fair and limited government; right before the stock market crash |
| Andrew Mellon | banker who developed the idea of cutting taxes and reducing spending in order to lower deficits and boost the economy; during the 1920s; blamed for stock market crash |
| Marcus Garvey | established the Universal negro Improvement Association (UNIA); resurrected the idea of slaves going back to Africa; big black nationalist |
| Lost Generation | phrase that described writers of the 1920s; Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald |
| Scopes Monkey Trial | a biology teacher was arrested for teaching evolution in school; convicted and fined |
| 18th amendment | prohibition amendment |
| speakeasies | small, secret bars that existed during Prohibition; involved bootlegging by bribing enforcement officials |
| H.L. Mencken | wrote for The American Mercury magazine; disapproved of American democracy and American life in 1900s; very critical with destructive criticism |
| Charles Lindbergh | first person to fly nonstop from NY to Paris; plane was The Spirit of St. Louis; isolationist as he headed the America First Committee |
| Stock Market Crash | 1929; stock prices plummeted due to margin buying, pumping and dumping and other inflationary practices |
| Margin Buying | buying stock by only paying for 10% of it, borrowing 90% of it |
| Pumping and Dumping | conspirators bought large amounts of stock and bribed journalists to write good things about the company to sell essentially worthless stocks at higher prices |
| Charles Mitchell | banker who organized the sale of millions of stock in his own bank; such inflationary practices are now highly regulated or illegal; lost his money in the Stock Market Crash |
| Joseph P. Kennedy | richest man in America during the early 1900s; nominated head of SEC to regulate stock market |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | used federal funds to make loans to banks and large corporations; established by Hoover in hopes of stopping deflation and maintaining the financial structure |
| Bonus Army | WWI veterans marched to D.C. to demand their bonuses during Great Depression; ended up in violence |
| Frances Perkins | big Progressive; worked at Hull House; advocate for hygiene and safety for workers, reduced work week for women, limiting child labor... |
| Brains Trust | FDR's informal advisers |
| first 100 days | FDR passed unprecedented number of bills to Congress within the first 100 days of office |
| Bank Holiday | FDR closed all banks for 4 days to prevent more bankruptcy; over 5 thousand banks reopened within the 3 days afterwards |
| Huey P. Long | "Kingfish", wanted to make every man a king; proposed that federal gov. guarantee every American family of minimum annual income |
| John Maynard Keynes | British economist; FDR adopted Keynesian economics (central gov. should abandon balanced budgets and use deficit spending to stimulate economy) |
| CCC | New Deal program; provided work for unemployed young men in projects (planting trees, building roads...) |
| AAA | New Deal program; tried to eliminate farm surpluses by paying farmers not to produce a lot of crops; deemed unconstitutional |
| TVA | New Deal program; program to help town of Muscle Shoals; built hydroelectric dam to generate electricity and control floods |
| NRA | New Deal program; designed to boost employment but also industrial and business activity; business to accept "blanket code" (min. wage, max. workweek, no child labor, can't lower prices for competition) |
| PWA | New Deal program; to administer National Industrial Recovery Act spending program; funded construction of roads, post offices, public buildings |
| WPA | Second New Deal program; funded public buildings, construction; employed writers, artists, music, theater |
| FDIC | New Deal program; created by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act; guaranteed bank deposits up to $2,500; depositors can recover money even though bank fails |
| Glass-Steagall Act | formed the FDIC |
| SEC | New Deal program; licensing agency to regulate sale of stocks and other securities |
| Social Security | New Deal program; unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, system of social services; collects taxes from employers, redistributes them to the unemployed (old, orphans, widows) |
| NLRB | New Deal program; had power to compel employers to recognize and bargain with unions; established with the Wagner Act |
| Wager Act | established the NLRB |
| Ida B. Wells | campaigned against lunching of African Americans |
| Court Packing | FDR tried to fill Supreme Court with judges that agreed with his views |
| Sick Chicken Case | Supreme Court case that deemed NRA unconstitutional (applied to Schechter Poultry Corporation) |
| John L. Lewis | VP of AFL; broke off to form CIO; eventually became pres. of UMW; called for strikes (esp. coal mines) |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations | split off from AFL to accommodate unskilled people as well; later joined back with AFL to become AFL-CIO |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria (WWII) |
| Nye Commission | Gerald Nye investigations; investigate any connection between american munitions manufacturers and country's involvement in WWI; advocated neutrality (led to neutrality acts) and forbade American manufacturers to sell war material to combatant nations |
| Lend-Lease Act | law designed by FDR to help Great Britain receive war supplies by leasing warships |
| Allied Powers | United Kingdom, U.S., China, Soviet Union |
| Douglas MacArthur | commanded American forces in Pacific Theater of WWII; fired after disagreement with Truman about Korean War |
| WPB | launched by FDR to mobilize all of American economy to fight and win the war; made war materials |
| Rosei the Riveter | symbolized women who stepped up in WPC after men left for military |
| Marshall Plan | proposition that European nations should cooperate in coordinated effort to rebuild countries and keep them free from communism; proposed that U.S. help pay for it |
| George S. Patton | vigorous American commander; inspired and lead large forces well, even in times of struggle (WWII) |
| Midway | turning naval point in Allied victory over Japan; saved an important island as well as show naval strength equal to Japans |
| Normandy | D-Day invasion/Operation Overload (important "Second Front" to divide Germany's forces) |
| Iwo Jima | most famous for Joe Rosenthal's famous picture of raising of American flag; costly American victory; part of MacArthur's island-hopping strategy |
| island hopping | MacArthur's strategy in choosing to fight only important strategic locations |
| Manhattan Project | secret program that developed the atomic bomb started after Einstein warned FDR of Germany conducting similar research |
| United Nations | organization of countries to discuss world problems; the need for such an organization was mentioned in the Atlantic Conference; first resolution was for peaceful use of atomic energy |
| Nuremberg Trials | trial of 22 Nazi leaders for war crimes, 12 were given death sentence |
| Containment | limiting communism to where it exists |
| George Kennan | introduced policy of containment |
| National Security Act | law that coordinated Army, Navy and Air Force; created National Security Council of advisers to president and CIA to conduct espionage and process information regarding national security |
| Central Intelligence Agency | in charge of gathering information for national security purposes and coordinating with other branches of gov. like Secret Service and FBI |
| Truman Doctrine | doctrine that stated U.S. should help any European nation in order to support free peoples who are resisting communist aggression |
| Berlin Airlift | U.S. sent supplies by airplanes to West Berlin (under Soviet control) |
| Fair Deal | Truman's domestic policy; expanded New Deal |
| Joseph McCarthy | started second Red Scare by accusing State Department workers of being communist |
| NATO | organization that formed alliance with other nations; attack on one of them was an attack on all |
| Warsaw Pact | response of Soviet Union to NATO; formed own alliance with eastern European countries |
| Elvis Presley | king of rock 'n' roll; black man in a white body |
| Federal Highway Act | advanced by Eisenhower; created Interstate Highway System to facilitate military travel during times of national emergencies |
| National Defense Education Act | gave millions of federal funds to education to compete with Soviet Union |
| U-2 incident | accident where Soviet Union shot down American CIA plane over Soviet land |
| Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles | developed during Cold War to launch and follow trajectory out of Earth's atmosphere, calculated to cause their nuclear warheads to fall onto enemy cities |
| John Kenneth Galbraith | wrote The Affluent Society; criticized consumerism and waste of society obsessed with increasing productivity and making profit |
| New Frontier | JFK's Progressive agenda |
| Peace Corps | launched by JFK; volunteer organization that helps other countries |
| Bay of Pigs | failed CIA mission to overthrow Cuban Fidel Castro |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Cuba had Soviet missiles pointed at U.S.; JFK and Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba and Turkey |
| Great Society | LBJ's reform agenda; advanced civil rights, War on Poverty, Vista, Head Start, restarted CCC (renamed Job Corps) |
| War on Poverty | described LBJ's domestic policy in reducing poverty |
| Barry Goldwater | conservative Republican; critical of Truman, more conservative than Eisenhower, ran against LBJ, backed Nixon (talked him into resigning), opposed Jimmy Carter, backed Reagan |
| Medicare | provided medical care for elderly (LBJ) |
| Medicaid | provided medical help for poor and disabled (LBJ) |
| Head Start | one of LBJ's War on Poverty programs; helped disadvantaged children to overcome social/economic conditions they were born into |
| Coinage Act (1965) | eliminated all silver from American coins except for Kennedy half-dollar; created nearly fiat currency when LBJ proclaimed that paper currency can no longer be redeemed for silver |
| Rachel Carson | wrote Silent Spring attacking used of pesticides/insecticides on food |
| Warren Court | Supreme Court that promoted radically equal society as well as one in which civil liberties were secured; Brown v. Board of Education |
| Escobedo v. Illinois | laid groundwork for the Miranda case by setting precedent of accused criminal's rights to remain silent until lawyer is present (Warren Court) |
| Miranda v. Arizona | court case following Escobedo case; Supreme Court ruled that original evidence against Miranda's rape crime could not stand because Miranda had not been informed of rights to legal counsel |
| Emmett Till | 14 year old African American boy who was murdered by a husband and brother in law after saying "bye, baby" to a young white woman on a dare; all-white jury found the two men innocent |
| Rosa Parks | refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | began by MLK; boycotted buses in response to Rosa Parks' arrest; Warren Court ordered buses to be desegregated |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Civil Rights activist; leader of SCLC |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | organization led by MLK; promoted peaceful protests; open to all people regardless of race |
| NAACP | organization founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells and others; oldest civil rights organization |
| Thurgood Marshall | first African American Supreme Court justice |
| CORE | civil rights group; stood against racial segregation of public transportation/facilities; organized sit-ins and freedom rides |
| SNCC | youth spin-off from SCLC; initiated sit-ins |
| Stokely Carmichael | became chairman of SNCC to moved it toward militant position of Black Power |
| Medgar Evers | African American WWII veteran; became the face of NAACP |
| Bull Connor | Birmingham's police commissioner; used brutal force to disperse peaceful protests |
| March on Washington | march to D.C. where MLK delivered his "I have a dream" speech; high point of civil rights activists' unity and nonviolent support |
| Voting Rights Act | passed by LBJ; removed all bars toward voting for African Americans (ex: literacy tests) |
| Civil Rights Act | passed by LBJ; banned segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment |
| Freedom Schools | taught African American history and nonviolent philosophies of civil rights movement to prepare next generation to continue the struggle |
| Selma, Alabama | place where peaceful marchers (first march organized by SNCC) were stopped and dispersed by sheriff and highway patrolmen; later regrouped to do another larger march and made it down to Montgomery, Alabama |
| Malcom X | African American who sought separation from white society; converted to Islam |
| Black Panthers | militant/violent wing of "black nationalism" movement; called for African Americans to arm themselves |
| Point IV Plan | assistance program (taken from Truman's inaugural address) to Truman Doctrine (allow dollar diplomacy and American technical assistance to other countries) |
| Youth Revolt | young people who used nonviolent disobedience and staged demonstrations for self-expression or pointless rebellion |
| SEATO | mutual defense treaty modeled after NATO; did not create a unified military command and left U.S. to defend South Vietnam alone |
| John Foster Dulles | came up with idea of massive retaliation |
| Domino Theory | idea presented by Eisenhower that if one nation fell to communism, the rest would fall as well |
| Vietcong | North Vietnam who represented nationalist yet communist organization fighting to unite all of Vietnam under one communist government |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | granted LBJ a "blank check" to wage war and enter the Vietnam War when North Vietnamese forces attacked American destroyer Maddux |
| William C. Westmoreland | developed search and destroy strategy during Vietnam War |
| Betty Friedan | wrote The Feminine Mystique and about dissatisfaction of women who sought to move outside the house |
| NOW | women organization that advocated greater equality of sexes in educational, employment, political opportunities as well as reform family, marriage, divorce laws... |
| Beat Generation | A group of writers during the 1950s whose unorthodox literary techniques were considered the precursors of the Hippie counterculture of the 1960s. Breaking away from standard, typical, literature and making own poetry through drugs and sexual overtones. |
| SDS | associated with New Left movement; made up of college students who protested social injustices and the Vietnam War |
| Port Huron Statement | by SDS leaders; decried materialism and discrimination of American society and advocated takeover of university campuses as instruments of political change |
| Weathermen | split off SDS to form terrorist organization |
| Kent/Jackson State Shootings | National Guard forces fired into crowd of protesters against the Vietnam War |
| Ho Chi Minh | leader of North Vietnam |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | leader of South Vietnam |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | bombing campaign on North Vietnam; ordered by LBJ |
| Pleiku | battle in which 8 Americans were killed, 128 injured; led to Operation Rolling Thunder and placement of first actual American ground troops into Vietnam |
| Tet Offensive | North Vietnam attacked all major cities of South Vietnam during supposed cease-fire during New Years; highest American casualties; led to stronger calls for peace |
| Khe Sanh | diversion to help Tet Offensive succeed |
| My Lai Massacre | massacre in which American troops murdered unarmed South Vietnamese villagers |
| War Powers Resolution | said that the president was to consult with Congress before employing military force and to notify Congress within 48 hours of deployment; required an end to any conflict within 60 or 90 days if war was no declared |
| Revenue Sharing | spreading the spending of federal money to states; advocated by Nixon |
| Environmental Protection Agency | consolidation of all major programs to combat pollution and other environmental damage by Nixon |
| Vietnamization | effort to support, train, and equip South Vietnamese soldiers to defend their own country while withdrawing American forces; Nixon's goal |
| Henry Kissinger | Nixon's secretary of state; helped open China, end Vietnam War, achieve detente with Soviet Union |
| Sputnik | Soviet Union's first satellite launched into orbit; U.S. responded with the Explorer |
| SALT | negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons |
| Rosenberg Trial | accused and executed a Russian couple for giving Soviets critical bomb-making secrets |
| NASA | started by Eisenhower to advance space exploration and education |
| Apollo | spacecraft that landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon |
| George McGovern | liberal politician; ran against Nixon with platform of immediate withdrawal of American troops and high guaranteed income (considered insane) |
| Watergate Scandal | scandal that forced Nixon to resign |
| Pentagon Papers | showed that Johnson misrepresented events and lied to American people; Nixon tried covering it up trying to steal Daniel Ellsberg's health records; led to distrust between American people/journalists and fed. gov. |
| G. Gordon Liddy | led team of "Plumbers" to stop leaks to the press; mastermind behind Watergate Hotel break-in and other break-ins |
| John Dean | accused Nixon of direct involvement with scandals |
| White House Tapes | was revealed that Nixon bugged and recorded all Oval Office conversations |
| George Wallace | Alabama governor; segregationist, advocate of states' rights; blocked Little Rock Nine's entrance to high school |
| The Great Recession | inflation with oil price (during Ford's presidency) |
| Staglation | severe inflation in times of severe recession |
| WIN | Ford's idea of reversing staglation by reducing consumption, saving money |
| Saturday Night Live | show that did parodies of social and political issues, insulting political figures |
| The Pill | synthetic hormone that suppressed ovulation; prevented pregnancy, increased sexual activity |
| Roe v. Wade | Supreme Court case that struck down state antiabortion laws; laws could not interfere through first trimester |
| Sally Ride | first woman to go to space; flew on the Challenger |
| Phyllis Schlafly | wrote A Choice Not an Echo; led movement to stop ratification of ERA |
| Edward Kennedy | brother of Robert and John Kennedy; made a bid for presidential election against Carter's second term; serious bid lost when involved in scandal (drove off bridge while in a car with another woman) |
| SALT II | negotiated by Carter; agreed with Soviet Union to halt manufacture of new nuclear weapons or launching systems and to reduce the operational force of nuclear weapons |
| 26th amendment | lowered voting age from 21 to 18 |
| Sun Belt | millions of Americans left Northeast and Midwest to warmer states; air conditioning made warmer climate endurable; led to big boost of economy since the Civil War |
| Camp David Accords | Carter's biggest foreign policy success; negotiated agreement between Egypt and Israel |
| Iranian Hostage Crisis | Iranians took Americans hostage to protest medical treatment for the Shah of Iran; Carter allowed crisis to drag on for a year (boycotted oil, froze assets, broke off diplomatic relations...) |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.