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What is an Medium/Ager? materials needed for growing microorganisms that provide nutrients and water What is a liquid medium called? broth What is a solid medium called? agar What is an inoculating loop? a looped wire used to transfer bacteria, inoculate media, and prepare slides and smears of bacteria What does an incubator do? provides the proper environment for bacteria to grow What is a bacinterator? used for heat sterilization of inoculating loops What are stains? enable visualization of bacteria under the microscope What are MSDS sheets? they describe the dangers associated with any chemical you may work with & it's required by law What is an antimicrobial agent? one that kills microbes What is a disinfectant? an agent that kills microorganisms on an inanimate object; spores may not be killed What is an antiseptic? an agent that renders microorganisms harmless by kill them or preventing their growth; used on living tissues What is sterilization? the destruction of all microorganisms including spores What does -cide mean? an agent that kills a class of microorganisms What does -static mean? an agent that prevents the multiplication of a class of microorganisms What is fomite? a nonliving, inanimate object that can serve to transfer microorganisms What does heat do? kills cells by denaturing proteins and breaking down cell membranes What is thermal death point? the lowest temperature required to sterilize a pure culture within a set time What is thermal death time? the time required to sterilize a pure culture at a given temperature What are the 3 types of heat? moist under pressure, moist not under pressure, and dry Moist Heat Under Pressure accounts for 90% of sterilizations performed in an autoclave high temperature of 121C for 15-20 minutes kills vegetable cells and spores Moist Heat Not Under Pressure boiling or live steam this is how you pasteurize milk vegetable cells are killed some spores and virus will survive this Dry Heat items that are sterilized are put into hot air ovens or are directly heated very high temperatures for a long time used for glassware, powder, oils UV Light helps microorganisms repair their damage Ionizing Radiation more energy then UV light greater killing action DNA is broken -- harder to repair damage used for surgical sutures and plastic lab Filtration sterilizes most liquids and gases size of filter varies depending on what you filter What is important about time? more time = more sterile What is important about temperature? higher temperature = better killing What is important about pH? it must be considered on a case by case basis Group A microorganisms easily killed by disinfectants Group B microorganisms more difficult to kill Group C microorganisms most difficult to kill Extraneous Matter the dirtier it is, the longer it takes to kill Alcohol surface disinfectant Mercurials skin antiseptics Silver Nitrate antiseptic for eyes and burns Phenolic Compounds in antiseptic skin washes Iodine skin antiseptic Chlorine Compounds water treatment Quaternary Ammonium Compounds disinfectant Total Magnification (Magnification of Objective Lens) X (Magnification of Ocular Lens) Bright Field Microscopy most common type of microscope; light is focused directly on the object Dark Field Microscopy light is directed onto the object at an angle Phase-Contrast Microscopy uses a special optical system that renders details of unstained cells much more visible Fluorescence Microscopy allows the observance of materials that fluoresce Electron Microscopy provide much greater magnification then do the other techniques Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) specimen has been coated with a heavy metal for maximum contrast Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) specimen has been coated with a heavy metal for maximum contrast Streak Dilution Technique flame loop transfer bacteria to dish flame loop move bacteria to next quadrant flame loop move bacteria to next quadrant flame loop move bacteria to next quadrant Step One of Gram Staining place dry heated slide on staining rack and flood it with crystal violet for a minute Step Two of Gram Staining rinse the violet gently with water Step Three of Gram Staining flood the slide with gram iodine for a minute Step Four of Gram Staining rinse the iodine gently with water Step Five of Gram Staining decolorize until you see no more stain being rinsed from the slide for 10-20 seconds Step Six of Gram Staining rinse to stop decolorization Step Seven of Gram Staining couterstain with Safranin for a minute Step Eight of Gram Staining rinse gently with water Step Nine of Gram Staining blot excess water from the slide with bibulous paper and allow slide to air dry What color is gram positive bacteria? purple What color is non acid fast bacteria? red Step One of Acid Fast Staining place dry slide on staining rack and flood with reagent A for five minutes Step Two of Acid Fast Staining rinse gently with water Step Three of Acid Fast Staining decolorize with reagent B until you see no more stain being rinsed Step Four of Acid Fast Staining rinse with water to stop decolorization Step Five of Acid Fast Staining counterstain with reagent C for 30 seconds Step Six of Acid Fast Staining rinse gently with water Step Seven of Acid Fast Staining blot excess water from the slide with bibulous paper and allow to air dry Turbid Broth cannot see a pencil through the mixture Flocculent Broth dots spread around Sediment Broth settled at the bottom Pellicle Broth settled at the top Ring Broth ring somewhere in mixture Spreading Heavy Growth in Slants cannot see behind the pencil Effuse in Slants material is see through Beaded in Slants material is little beads Single Stroke Inoculation in Slants material is singly stroke up the middle Filiform in Slants material is wavy up the middle Echinulate in Slants material is screw like up the middle Arborescent & Rhizoidal material appears as tree like Circular material is circular into one part Irregular material looks like a splatter of paint Rhizoid material looks like it has lots of tails Punctiform Material has little dots Entire material looks solid Lobate material ends look like lobes Erose material ends look like sharp mountains Undulate material ends look like round mountains Filamentous material ends look like shaggy opaque cannot see thru transparent clear translucent blurry Bacillus Rod short like mike n ikes Coccus small polkadots in clumps Spirochete yellow and brown clumps Spirullium little worms everywhere Staphylococcus irregular grape-like clusters Streptococcus arranged in pairs and chains