Ch 7 Muscular
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Created by:
DrDavila Plus on May 31, 2012
Subjects:
BIO101: Human Anatomy & Physiology
Classes:
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 muscle tissue | tissue that contracts or shortens, moving body parts; 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| muscle fiber | muscle-tissue cell |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary striated muscle attached to bones; stimulated by CNS; contract quickly, fatigue easily |
| cardiac muscle | involuntary striated muscle found only in heart; stimulated by cardiac conducting system and autonomic nervous system; contract slowly, don't fatigue easily; have intercalated discs |
| smooth muscle | involuntary nonstriated (hence, smooth) muscle found mostly in walls of tubular organs; stimulated by autonomic nervous system; contracts quickly, doesn't fatigue easily |
| striated | striped |
| poke a muscle | copy & paste this link into web browser: http://www.anatomyarcade.com/games/PAM/PAM.html |
| excitability | ability to receive and respond to electrochemical stimulation; neurons & muscle cells are excitable |
| contractility | ability to contract, or shorten; only muscle cells are contractile |
| elasticity | ability to recoil or return to original shape/length after contraction or extension |
| extensibility | abilty to be stretched or exteneded |
| movement | produced by muscles upon contraction |
| joint stability | provided by muscle contraction around a joint, thereby stabilizing it; muscles provide joint stability despite a changing environment |
| heat | muscles provide 85%+ of body heat |
| tendon | connective tissue attaching muscle to bone (usually); made of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium bundled together & connecting to periosteum |
| aponeurosis | flat-sheet of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone (usually); like a flat tendon |
| origin | immovable portion of muscle attached to bone (usually) |
| insertion | portion of muscle attached to the bone (usually) that moves upon contraction |
| prime mover | muscle mainly responsibile for a given movement, usually out of anatomical position; aka agonist |
| synergist | muscle that assist the prime mover in a movement |
| antagonist | muscle that opposes or reverses muscle movement by prime mover |
| muscle tone | continued partial contraction in muscle; assists in posture and heat production; improved with excercise |
| isometric contraction | contraction without movement; increase tension, no motion; eg. bar hang |
| isotonic contraction | contraction with movement of a certain weight; tension remains same; eg. pull up |
| glycogen | storage form of glucose; many glucose molecules strung together; used for energy when running low on glucose; stored in muscle cells and liver |
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells |
| myoglobin | oxygen-carrying molecule found in muscle cells |
| lactic acid | produced when glucose is converted to ATP in the presence of low oxygen; causes muscle fatigue and soreness ("feel the burn") |
| oxygen debt | occurs when body is short of oxygen; glucose is converted to lactic acid; cumulative deficit of oxygen resulting from intense exercise |
| orbicularis oris | muscle around mouth; closes lips |
| frontalis | raises eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes eyelid |
| temporalis | closes, raises, and pulls "back" jaw |
| masseter | closes jaw |
| sternocleidomastoid | rotates head |
| trapezius | raises & lowers shoulders |
| deltoid | abducts arm; injection site |
| biceps brachii | flexes forearm |
| triceps brachii | extends forearm |
| pectoralis major | adducts humerus; "chest muscle" originiating in sternum |
| rectus abdominus | surface muscle across abdomen |
| gluteus maximus | largest muscle; flexes thigh joint |
| hamstrings | muscles of posterior thigh |
| quadriceps | four muscles of anterior thigh; includes vastus lateralis (injection site) |
| gluteus medius | middle of three gluteal muscles; abbducts thigh; injection site |
| vastus lateralis | one of four quadricep muscles; injection site (for infants) |
| gastrocnemius | calf muscle; plantar flexes foot (ie, points toes) |
| diaphragm | muscle separating thoracic from abdominopelvic cavity; primarily used in breathing |
| intercostal | muscles between ribs; contract to expel air from lungs; delicious with barbecue sauce |
| intramuscular injection | injection delivered into a muscle, preferably: *deltoid, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis* |
| abduction | move away from midline |
| adduction | move toward midline |
| flex | reduce the angle between two bones; bring two bones closer together |
| extend | increase angle between two bones; separate bones towards anatomical position |
| erector spinae | lower-back muscle; maintains posture and body position |
| muscle functions | 1. Movement (skeleton, food, hair, etc) 2. Posture & body position 3. Support soft tissues 4. Guard entrances & exits 5. Maintain body temperature |
| epimysium | connective tissue surrounding outside of entire muscle |
| perimysium | connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) |
| endomysium | connective tissue surrounding individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) |
| sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
| t tubule | infolding of sarcolemma into the muscle cell; transmits electrical signal throughout the cell; aka transverse tubules |
| myofibril | bundle of 2 types of protein myofilaments found within muscle fibers; |
| thin filament | 1 of 2 myofilaments in myofibril; made of protein called actin |
| thick filament | 1 of 2 myofilaments in myofibril; made of protein called myosin |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | membrane structure surrounding myofibrils; contains calcium, which stimulates sarcomere contraction upon release |
| sarcomere | basic unit of contraction within a muscle fiber; small, repeating segments of myofibril between two adjacent z-lines |
| sliding filament theory | theory of muscle contraction; sarcomeres shorten when thick filaments pull on thin filaments |
| neuromuscular junction | special synapse where axon of neuron communicates with skeletal muscle fiber; action potential causes neuron to release neurotransmitter (Ach) which binds to receptors on and generates electrical signal in muscle fiber |
| action potential | electrical signal traveling along neuron's axon; causes neurotransmitter release at synapse |
| acetylcholine | first neurotransmitter discovered; released from axon, binds to receptors on muscle fibers that causes electrical to contract |
| molecular contraction process | electrical signal in muscle fiber causes calcium release; myosin binds actin, pulls on it, binds reactivated using ATP, releases, begins cycle again (until calcium is gone) |
| rigor mortis | muscular stiffening beginning 2-4 hours after death lasting about 4 days; caused by lack of ATP, which is needed to make myosin release actin; no ATP, no release and muscle stays contracted; hence we call dead bodies "stiffs" |
| all or none principle | muscle fiber is either contracted or relaxed; no in-between state |
| twitch | single contraction caused by a single neural stimulation |
| summation | increasing muscle tension due to repeated muscle stimulations before the muscle completely relaxes; aka wave summation or summation of twitches |
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