Biology Exploring Life: Chpt. 31, 32, & 33
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Created by:
15shaughnessyf on May 31, 2012
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Athlete's foot | Caused by a fungi. These fungi like Moist places (contagious) |
| Influenza | Airborne; droplet infection; direct contact with infected person. Virus |
| Tuberculosis | Droplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products. Bacteria |
| Malaria | an infective disease caused by protist parasites that are transmitted through the bite of a infected Anopheles mosquito |
| Lyme Disease | an acute inflammatory disease infection caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick |
| Chicken pox | Airborne; direct contact with infected person. Varicella Virus |
| AIDS | a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
| Memory cells | those more long-term-stable B cells that can differentiate into plasma cells. |
| Plasma cells | those B cells that can immediately produce (and secrete) antibody molecules |
| Phagocytosis | "cellular eating," engulf and digest invaders |
| Interferons | proteins which stimulate noninfected cells to manufacture substances that block virus reproduction |
| mast cells | release histamine |
| histamine | chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area |
| macrophage | A large, non-sepcific, phagocytic cell of the immune system. frequently leave the bloodstream to crawl around in the tissues and perform 'clean up' duties, such as ingesting dead cells or cellular debris at an injury site, or pathogens. |
| Antigen | "antibody generator" - any substance capable of eliciting an immune response |
| Antibody | Y-shaped proteins with 2 identical antigen binding sites; bonding to antigens slows or halts further infection |
| B Cells | Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses. |
| T Cells | Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. |
| Humoral Immunity | specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids |
| Cell Mediated Immunity | an immune response in which killer T cells attack antigen-bearing cells directly |
| primary immune response | first formation of B and T cells to battle a new pathogen |
| secondary immune response | memory cells allow a quicker and stronger response to a second exposure |
| Vaccine | dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen which stimulates the immune response |
| booster shots | additional dose of antigen to stimulate antibody production and extend memory |
| Lymph Nodes | act as filters or traps for foreign particles and are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. |
| Characteristics of a Virus | • Viruses are nonliving, infectious particles (cannot reproduce on their own, cannot obtain energy or feed in any way) • Viruses are extremely small (on average they are one thousandth the size of a typical bacterium) • Vary greatly in structure and shape • all contain a protein capsid, nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), and some means of attaching to and entering a host cell. |
| reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.(Ex. HIV) |
| Retroviruses | RNA based viruses that use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA before starting transcription. |
| Lytic cycle | a phage reproductive cycle that results in the death of the host cell |
| Lysogenic cycle | replicates the phage genome without destroying the host. However, the virus is capable of entering the other cycle |
| Kidneys | filter toxins out of the blood and produce urine |
| Ureter | tube that carries urine to the bladder |
| Urine | liquid composed of urea, water, and mineral salts from the blood |
| Bladder | storage of urine until it is excreted from the body |
| Urethra | carries urine out of the body |
| Excretion | the removal nitrogenous waste |
| Hypothalamus gland | makes hormones that control the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary gland | secretes a variety of hormones including: ADH growth hormone FSH, LH, oxytocin (reproduction) |
| Parathyroid glands | four glands that release parathyroid hormone - raises the level of calcium in the blood. |
| Thymus gland | releases thymosin - stimulates T cell development |
| Adrenal glands | The adrenal glands release epinephrine & norepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress |
| Pineal gland | produces melatonin - regulates day/night cycles |
| Thyroid gland | produces thyroxine - regulates metabolism calcitonin - lowers blood calcium |
| Pancreas gland | produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood |
| Ovary gland | produce estrogen and progesterone - secondary sex characteristics and reproduction |
| Testes gland | produce testosterone - sperm production and secondary sex characteristics |
| Feedback Inhibition | The release of a hormone is regulated by the products of the metabolic pathway or by other hormones. |
| Negative Feedback | a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus |
| Positive Feedback | a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change |
| Steroid Hormones | pass through the plasma membrane, join with a receptor protein in the cytoplasm, enter the nucleus, and the hormone receptor complex causes changes in DNA, resulting in protein production. |
| Non-steroid hormone | cannot pass through the plasma membrane, so instead they bind with a receptor protein on the cell surface. This causes an enzyme on the inner membrane to create a secondary messenger, which activates an enzyme to alter cellular function |
| Testes | Location of sperm production |
| Epididymis | Where sperm matures |
| spermatogonium | A diploid cell that can undergo mitosis to form more spermatogonium, and can also be triggered to undergo meiosis to form sperm. |
| follicular phase | ovarian cycle- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes a follicle and its oocyte to start to mature |
| ovulation | ovarian cycle- luteinizing hormone (LH) peaks causing the follicle to break open and release its egg |
| luteal phase | ovarian cycle- remaining follicle forms the corpus leuteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| menstrual phase | menstrual cycle- low levels of estrogen cause the endometrium (uterine lining) to break down and menstruation occurs |
| proliferation phase | menstrual cycle-rising estrogen levels cause the endometrium to thicken ovulation |
| luteal phase | menstrual cycle- further thickening of the endometrium, preparing for implantation of egg |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| blastocyst | a hollow ball of cells from the fertilized egg that implants itself into the uterus lining |
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