Modern World History - Sem2 Exam
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354 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Imperialism | the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding countries and dependencies 1 |
| David Livingstone | missionary from Scotland who traveled with Africans deep into central Africa to promote Christianity; was lost for several years 2 |
| Henry Stanley | Hired by an American newspaper to find David Livingstone who was lost in central Africa when he was trying to promote Christianity; finds him in 1871 on Lake Tanganyika; started the famous greeting, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" 3 |
| King Leopold II | Belgium King who commissioned Stanley to help him obtain land of the Congo; Stanley does so and claims the land to use in colonies to abolish slave and promote Christianity 4 |
| The Congo | the land that Henry Stanley started exploring with sparked the interest of this land to King Leopold II.from 1879- 1882, one of the first territories conquered. 5 |
| racism | the belif that one race was better than the other.White Europeans thought they were better or "higher up" than the Africans 6 |
| Social Darwinism | social theory where Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and natural selection were applied to human society 7 |
| Charles Darwin | British scientist who laid the foundations of the theory of evolution and transformed the way we think about the natural world 8 |
| Cecil Rhodes | a racist who believed that it is better if Britain takes over the other peoples and imposes their culture on them because British customs were better than others. he also wanted to westernize and serve as Governor of South Africa. 9 |
| "civilize"/ "westernize" | imposing European customs on African/non- Europeans 10 |
| Maxim Gun | was the world's first automatic machine gun; allowed Europeans the defeat African easily because they did not have advance weaponry. 11 |
| quinine | protected Europeans from malaria (disease from mosquitoes found inland) and allowed Europeans to take over more land inland of Africa 12 |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting held to prevent conflict between 14 European nations due to the diamond race; greed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area. they divided the land without thought to the other countries or their cultural boundries 13 |
| Liberia & Ethiopia | only territories free from European control in 1914 14 |
| Zulu | group of Africans who tries to defend/keep their land, but eventually fell under British control in 1887 15 |
| Chief Shaka | leader of Zulu people in 1816; created a centralized state with disciplined warriors and good military organization 16 |
| King Cetshwayo | succeeded Chief Shaka; refused to dismiss his army and was forced to accept British control; British invaded Zulu nation 17 |
| Battle of Ulundi | Zulus lose to British in this battle and fall under their control 18 |
| Boers/Afrikaners | Dutch for farmers, the Boers were Dutch settelers in southern Africa. 19 |
| Great Trek | The movement of several thousand Boers to escape the British. 20 |
| Boer War (South Africa War) | War between the Boers and the British and was the first modern "total" war. 21 |
| "total war" | War in which fighting not only takes place in battle, but women, children, and civilians are attacked. 22 |
| Union of South Africa | After winning the Boer War, Britian joined the Boer republics into the self-governing Union of South Africa, which was under British rule. 23 |
| colony | A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power. 24 |
| Protectorate | A country or terriotry with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. 25 |
| Sphere of Influence | An area in which an outside power claims exlusive investment or trading privileges. 26 |
| Economic Imperialism | An independant but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments. 27 |
| Indirect Control | The allowing of a colony limited self-rule to develop future leaders using governments based on European style government. 28 |
| Direct Control | The style of colony control when foreign officials are brought in to rule the colony in order to get colony to adapt the ruling country's culture. 29 |
| Paternalism | The policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights. 30 |
| Assimilation | The policy in which a ruling nation forces its culture on its subject people. 31 |
| Association | Policy similar to indirect control. 32 |
| Samori Toure | Mandingo nationalist who fought against the French until his empire was brought down by famine; led resistance of French colonization of West Africa during the 19th century 33 |
| Maji Maji Rebellion | Rebellion against the Germans in German East Africa. The Africans living in it came to believe that some magic water, Maji Maji in their language, would protect them from the Germans bullets. 75,000 rebels were killed. 34 |
| Menelik II | Ethiopian emperor who successfully played Italy, France, and England against each other in order to keep Ethiopia free from European control. He also defeated Italy at the Battle of Adowa, after discovering that he had been tricked into giving a small part of Ethiopia to Italy. 35 |
| Battle of Adowa | Battle in which Menelik II defeated Italy after discovering that he mistakenly gave part of Ethiopia to Italy in a treaty because of a translation error. 36 |
| Geopolitics | an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products 37 |
| Crimean War | a war fought mostly on this peninsula; Russians VS British, French, and Ottoman Turks; British and French helped out the Turks because they would rather have them controlling this access to the Black Sea than the Russians 38 |
| Florence Nightingale | Famous military nurse leader in the Crimean War. 39 |
| Great Game | this refers to Britain's and Russia's fight over Afghanistan; Britain thought that if Russia took Afghanistan, it would threaten their India (jewel in the crown); so Britain fought for it; after WWI united both countries, they stopped this war 40 |
| Afghanistan | an independent Muslim kingdom on the northwestern border of India; fought over in the Great Game by Britain and Russia 41 |
| Khyber Pass | Pass that Britain agreed would never extend past, it borders eastern Afghanistan and India. 42 |
| nonagression pact | An agreement that countries involved will not attack each other. 43 |
| Suez Canal | a human-made waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea; The Egyptians originally owned it, but couldn't pay of their debt from building it, so they sold it to Britain; "Lifeline of the Empire" 44 |
| concessions | A grant of a tract of land made by a government or other controlling authority in return for stipulated services or a promise that the land will be used for a specific purpose. 45 |
| British East India Company | Powerful British trading company that basicallly controlled India. 46 |
| Robert Clive | Military leader who led East India Company troops in a victory over Indian and French forces at the Battle of Plassey. 47 |
| Battle of Plassey | Battle where the British East India Company (led by Robert Clive) gained control of India from Frech and Indian forces 48 |
| Sepoy | Indian soldiers. 49 |
| Sepoy Mutiny | a rebellion of sepoys over the refusal to bite off gun cartridges that may have been greased in pork or beef fat; consuming these animals would be against Muslim and Hindu religions 50 |
| Viceroy | After 1877 in India, official leaders were referred to with this title 51 |
| Indian National Congress | A nationalist group in India in 1855 that concentrated on specific concerns for Indians 52 |
| Muslim League | Nationalist group formed in 1906 in Indian that concentrated on specific concerns for Indians 53 |
| Alsace-Lorraine | A piece of land originally belonging to France that was taken by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war. 54 |
| Alsace-Lorraine | a piece of land originally belonging to France that was taken by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War 54 |
| Franco-Prussian War | War in 1870 between the French and Prussians; Germany took Alsace-Lorraine in this war 55 |
| the Balkans | the mountainous Peninsula in the southeastern corner of Europe which was home to many ethnic groups and became the place where WWI started 56 |
| mobilize/mobilization | organizing and moving troops in case of war, very important in time of war or threat of war, The nations of Europe used this by 1914 57 |
| militarism | the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war; Europe used this when they were on the brink of war in the early years of the 20th century 58 |
| Alliance system | kept to keep peace in Europe as early as the 1870s, growing rivalries and mutual mistrust led to these 59 |
| Otto Von Bismarck | Prussia's blood-and-iron chancellor that used war to unify Germany between 1864-1871 60 |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Austria; formed in 1879 61 |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Ruler of Germany starting in 1888 that forced Bismarck to resign 62 |
| entente | word for alliance, one was formed between Great Britain and France 63 |
| Triple Entente | alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in 1907 made by Britain 64 |
| the "powder keg" of Europe | nickname for the Balkans because it was on the brink of war and going to "blow up" like a keg of gun powder would 65 |
| annex | word for took over, Austria did this to Bosnia and Herzegovina 66 |
| Bosnia and Hezegovina | two large Balkan areas with large Slavic populations, annexed by Austria; Serbian leaders sought to rule these provinces 67 |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip. The murder of this man led to a war between Austria and Serbia, and eventually World War I. 68 |
| Sarjevo | The capital of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. 69 |
| Gavrilo Princip | A 19-year-old Serbian and member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 70 |
| Black Hand | A secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule, of which Gavrilo Princip was a member. 71 |
| ultimatum | Austria presented Serbia with this list of numerous demands, that would lead to serious consequences if they were not met. 72 |
| Armenian Massacre | After tens of thousands of Armenians were killed by Turkish troops in the 1890s, the Armenians pledged support to the Turks' enemies during World War I, and in return over 2 million Armenians were deported by the Turks and about 600,000 died from starvation or murder by Turkish soldiers along the way. 73 |
| Central Powers | In World War I, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other nations that fought on their side. 74 |
| Allied Powers/Allies | In World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with the other nations that fought on their side. 75 |
| stalemate | A long and bloody deadlock along the battlefields of France during World War I. 76 |
| Western Front | In World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other. 77 |
| Schlieffen Plan | Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia. 78 |
| The First Battle of the Marne | First major clash on the Western Front during World War I and the defeat of the Germans in this battle left the Germans' Schlieffen Plan in ruins. 80 |
| trench warfare | A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. 81 |
| "no man's land" | The space between the opposing trenches of trench warfare where men were sent when ordered to attack. 82 |
| New weapons of WWI | New technology introduced during World War I, including barbed wire, poison gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines, machine guns, and long-range artillery guns. 83 |
| Verdun | City where Germans launched a massive attack agianst French forces in February 1916. 84 |
| Battle of the Somme | Battle between Germans and British in a valley near Verdun. Tanks were first introduced here. 85 |
| Casualty | Anyone who is killed, injured, captured or missing in a battle. 86 |
| Eastern Front | a stretch of battlefield along the German-Russian borderin WWI where the Russians &Serbians fought Germans and Austro-Hungarians 87 |
| Battle of Tannenburg | Battle that began as a German counterattack against a Russian invasion of Germany and Austria in WWI. 88 |
| Dardanelles | A narrow strait that was the gateway to the Ottoman's capital, Constantinople. 89 |
| Gallipoli Campaign | The effort by the Allies in WWI to capture the Dardanelles that ulitmately failed. 90 |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | German policy in WWI to sink any ship around Britian without warning. 91 |
| U-Boat | German WWI submarine 92 |
| Lusitania | British passenger ship sunk in WWI by the Germans that kiled 128 US citizens and outraged America. 93 |
| President Woodrow Wilson | US president durring WWI 94 |
| Zimmerman Note | Telegram sent by Germany to Mexico durring WWI promising that Germany would help Mexico gain land back from the US if Mexico joined WWI against US. This telegram was intercepted by the US and resulted in the US declaring war on Germany and entering WWI. 95 |
| Total War | A nation's policy to devote all resources to war. 96 |
| Rationing | System which allowed people to buy only a certain amount of goods that were needed for the war effort, such as gas. 97 |
| Propaganda | One-sided information used to persude people. 98 |
| Czar Nicholas II | Czar of russia durring WWI, also the last Czar of Russia. 99 |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Treaty between Germany and Russia that ended the war between them. 101 |
| Second Battle of the Marne | The Germans' last push to end the war that ended terribly for them with the new Americans helping the French at the Marne 102 |
| Armistice | Agreement to stop fighting 103 |
| Paris Peace Conference | A meeting between the US, France, Britain, and Italy to establish the peace terms after the war. 104 |
| Big Four | Term that refers to the major allied countries in the world: Britain, Italy, France, and the US. 105 |
| George Clemenceau | Representative of France in the Paris Peace Conference. 106 |
| David LLoyd George | Representative of Britain in the Paris Peace Conference 107 |
| Vittorio Orlando | Representative of Italy in the Paris Peace Conference 108 |
| Fourteen Points | A series of proposals made by President Wilson of the U.S. in to achieve lasting piece after World War I. 109 |
| self-determination | The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live. 110 |
| Treaty of Versailles | Peace treaty signed by Germany and Allied powers after World War I which ultimately punished Germany. 111 |
| League of Nations | An international association whose goal was be to keep peace among nations (formed after WWI). 112 |
| Article 231 | The harshest provision from Treaty of Versailles which placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany's shoulders (a.k.a. "war guilt" clause). Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies as a result of this. 113 |
| mandates | Territories to be administered by the League of Nations. 114 |
| autocracy | A form of government in which one leader has total power and anyone who questioned absolute authority was labeled dangerous. 115 |
| Siberia | A remote region of eastern Russia where political prisoners were sent to by Alexander III. 116 |
| pogroms | Organized violence against Jews. 117 |
| Trans-Siberian Railway | The world's longest railway that connected European Russia in the west with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean in the east. 118 |
| "dictatorship of the proletariat" | Where the workers would rule the country. (Marxist revolutionaries this would form after the industrial class of workers overthrew the czar). 119 |
| proletariat | The workers/working class. 120 |
| Mensheviks | The more moderate group of Russian Marxists who wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution. 121 |
| Bolsheviks | The more radical group of Russian Marxists that supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change. 122 |
| Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) | Major leader of the Bolsheviks. He had an engaging personality and was an excellent organizer, but was also ruthless. Fled to western Europe to avoid arrest by the czarist regime in early 1900s, but maintained contact with other Bolsheviks. 123 |
| Russo-Japanese War | A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea. 124 |
| Bloody Sunday (Revolution of 1905) | Event in on January 22, 1905 in which 200,000 workers and their families went to the Winter Palace and petitioned for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected national legislature. However, Nicholas II ordered soldiers to fire and more than 1,000 were wounded and several hundred killed. 125 |
| Winter Palace | Home of Nicholas II located in St. Petersburg. 126 |
| Duma | Russia's first parliament that first met in May 1906. 127 |
| constitutional monarchy | A system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law. This government was wanted by the Russian Duma 128 |
| Czarina Alexandra | Czar Nicholas II's wife who ran the Russian government when he moved his headquarters to the war front. She fell under the influence of the mysterious healer Rasputin. 129 |
| Rasputin | A mysterious "holy man" who claimed to have magical healing powers. He seemed to ease Alexis, the son of Nicholas II who suffered from hemophilia, and was granted a role in political decisions. He was assassinated in 1916 for fear that he was getting to powerful. 130 |
| Rasputin | A mysterious 'holy man' who claimed to have magical healing powers. He seemed to ease Alexis, the son of Nicholas II who suffered from hemophilia, and was granted a role in political decisions. He was assassinated in 1916 for fear that he was getting too powerful. 130 |
| March Revolution | March 1917 in Russia, workers fired up riots over shortages of bread and fuel. Soldiers were first ordered to shoot but then joining them. This act made Czar Nicholas II step down from the throne. 131 |
| provisional government | A temporary government made by the Duma after the abdication of Czar Nicholas II's throne. 132 |
| Alexander Kerensky | The head of the Duma's established provisional government. 133 |
| Soviets | Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers. Some had more influence than the provisional government. 134 |
| Petrograd Soviet | A major powerful Soviet in Russia that was taken over by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. 135 |
| "Peace, Land, Bread" | Lenin's slogan that gains him support from cities all over Russia, giving him widespread appeal 136 |
| Bolshevik Red Guard | Armed factory workers that took over government offices and arrested leaders of the provisional government in November 1917 137 |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Treaty signed between Russia and Germany taking Russia out of World War I. 138 |
| Russian Civil War | War in Russia between the White army and the Bolshevik Red Army. Eventually won by the Red army 139 |
| White Army | Army that was made up of many groups that all wanted to just defeat the Bolsheviks. 140 |
| Leon Trotsky | A revolutionary leader of the Bolsheviks who lead the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. After Lenin's death, he was competing with Stalin for power. 140 |
| New Economic Plan (NEP) | A small scale form of capitalism that Lenin made to restablize the economy. This allowed peasants to sell surplus crops instead of turning them over to the government. 142 |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) | Once the Bolsheviks took power, Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central government. He then renamed the country this. 143 |
| Communist Party (Russia) | The new name for the Bolsheviks based off of Marx's writings. 144 |
| May Fourth Movement | The Chinese people were upset because the Treaty of Versailles gave Japan territories that China wanted/thought they deserved. Over 3,000 students, workers, shopkeepers, and professionals joined the demonstrations. 163 |
| Chinese Communist Party | Party formed in 1923 when sun Yat-sen merged the Third Communist international and the KMT to create the first of many liberation fronts. This front was completely anticonservative and anti-imperialist, but not fully communist. Eventually it would separate from and defeat the KMY under Mao Zedong in 1927 164 |
| Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) | One of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party, assistant librarian, became China's greatest revolutionary leader, thought peasants were true revolutionaries 165 |
| Tiananmen Square | Place where thousands of students gathered to protest the terms of the Versailles Treaty, marking the beginning of Chinese Nationalism. 166 |
| Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) | Took over after Sun, promised democracy but peasants didn't think he was helping them so they gave their support to the Communist Party 167 |
| Chinese Civil War | Nationals vs. Communists, started in 1930, Mao recruited peasants to join his Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare, nationalists attacked them but couldn't drive them out 168 |
| Red Army | Chinese Communist Party's army in the civil war 169 |
| Long March | Communists were outnumber by 100,000 men so they fled and began a 6000 mile long journey in which they could hardily stay ahead of Jiang, many died 170 |
| Manchuria | Province in the northeast China invaded by Japan in Sept. 1931 171 |
| Indian National Congress | Congress Party, mostly Hindu, formed to rid India of foreign rule 172 |
| Muslim League | Formed to rid India of foreign rule 173 |
| Rowlatt Acts | British passed these laws that allowed the gov. to jail protestors without a trial for as long as 2 years, Indians felt this was against their self independence 174 |
| Amritsar Massacre | A Hindu and Muslim gathering of 10,000 in Amritsar in protest of the Rowlatt Acts where British officers fired into the crowd, resulting in a huge Indian nationalist movement. 175 |
| Mohandas K. Ghandi | Peaceful leader of boycotts for Indian Nationalists at the time of the Indian Nationalist movements. 176 |
| Mahatma | "Great Soul" Mohandas K. Ghandi was called this. 177 |
| Satyagraha | One of Ghandi's philosophies; "Soul-force" or "Truth-force". 178 |
| Civil Disobedience | The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law; Ghandi and his followers used this campaign to weaken and punish the British government. 179 |
| Homespun | The making of hand-made cloth by Gandhi to protest the purchase of British cloth. 180 |
| Salt March | A 240 mile walk to the coast to collect salt, taken by peaceful Indians to object and oppose the Salt Acts placed by British imperialists. The protestors were caught and beaten resulting in the worldwide support for Gandhi and his peaceful protests. 181 |
| Government of India Act | Provided local self government and limited democratic elections as well as unintentionally sparked conflict between the Muslims and Hindus in India as a result of Gandhi's civil disobedience campaigns. 182 |
| coalition government | A government controlled by a temporary alliance of several political parties. Usually not very effective because they cannot agree on policies. 183 |
| Weimar Republic | Republic established in Germany after World War I. Began in 1919 and ended in 1933. This government took the blame for the bad negotiation Germany got in the Treaty of Versailles. 184 |
| Inflation | A general increase in prices and the falling in the purchasing value of money. Cause of many problems in Germany, helping lead to fascist leader and World War II. 185 |
| Dawes Plan | Created by American banker Charles Dawes- called for a 200 million dollar loan from the U.S. to improve Germany's economy and set a more realistic schedule for Germany's debts from WWI. 186 |
| Locarno Treaties | Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and Britain leaders met in Switzerland and signed a treaty stating that France and Germany would never make war with one another, Germany promised to respect France and Belgium's borders, then admitted to the League of Nations. 187 |
| Kellogg-Braind Pact | Pact signed by almost every country in the world stating they would "renounce war as an instrument of nation policy". Unfortunately, the treaty had no enforcers and armed forces, and without the U.S. the league was severely weakened. 188 |
| buying on the margin | People bought stocks at a small percentage of the stock's price as a down payment and got the rest from the stockbroker. Helped cause the stock market crash when people were unable to sell their stocks and investors couldn't pay off the loan. 189 |
| Great Depression | The severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the US stock market in 1929. The Depression confronted democracies with a serious challenge to their economic and political systems. 190 |
| National Government | A multiparty coalition government in Britain that was elected to protect high tariffs, increase taxes, regulate currency, encourage industrialization. Eventually brought recovery to economic problems caused by Great Depression. 191 |
| The Popular Front | Socialists, Communists, and Moderates in France formed an alliance as a coalition government, passed a series of reforms to help workers. Even though it was not very afffective, it preserved democratic government. 192 |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | Elected president of the US in 1932 durring the Depression- his confident manner appealed to many Americans who were afraid during the depression. 193 |
| New Deal | US president Roosevelt's economic reform program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression, gave finacial aid, jobs, and reformed stock market and banking system. 194 |
| fascism | a political movement that promotes the extreme form of nationalism, denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-part rule. Usually very militarized and favored social classes. It was used by leaders like Mussolini and Hitler after the chaos caused by the Great Depression. 195 |
| Benito Mussolini | Newspaper editor and politician who boldly promised strong leadership to Italy and rescue the country by reviving their economy and rebuilding its armed forces. He was the founder of the Fascist Party. 196 |
| Victor Emmanuel III | King of Italy who put Mussolini in charge in hopes of him being the best for Italy to survive. 197 |
| Black Shirts | members of Mussolini's Fascist Party 198 |
| Il Duce | "the leader," name used by Mussolini once in power 199 |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of the Nazis and chancellor of Germany during WWII and the Holocaust 200 |
| National Socialist German Workers' Party/NAZI | The political group Hitler led that believed Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism who formed their own branch of fascism called Nazism. This group attacked the Jews and other inferior people (in their opinion) during the Holocaust. 201 |
| Swastika | hooked cross-symbol of the Nazi Party 202 |
| Brown Shirts | Nazi's private militia, also called storm troopers 203 |
| der Fuhrer | Chosen leader of the Nazi Party (Hitler) 204 |
| Mein Kampf | "My Struggle"- book written by Hitler while in prison in which he expressed his goals for Germany, such as Germans were the master race, his disapproval on the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was overcrowded, and his promise to conquer Europe and Russia. 205 |
| Arayans | Term Hitler incorrectly used to describe Germans in Mein Kampf 206 |
| Master Race | Term Hitler used in Mein Kampf to describe Germans/Arayans, all non-Germans 'races' were not this 207 |
| lebensraum | 'living space'- additional territory that Hitler believed overcrowded Germany needed 208 |
| Paul von Hindenberg | President of Germany who named Hitler chancellor, giving him legal power 209 |
| Reichstag | Building burned by a fire that Hitler blames on the Communists" 210 |
| SS | Hitler's elite, black uniformed unit/protection squad only loyal to Hitler. Murdered hundreds of Hitler's enemies 211 |
| Gestapo | the Nazi Secret police that caused great terror and shocked most Germans into total obedience 212 |
| Hitler Youth | schoolchildren had to join this group that supported the Nazis (for boys) 213 |
| League of German Girls | schoolchildren had to join this group that supported the Nazis (for girls) 214 |
| anti-Semitism | hatred of jews, key part in Nazi ideology 215 |
| Kristallnacht | on the night of November 9, 1938, Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes and on the streets and destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned buildings; signaled the real start of the process of eliminating the Jews from German life 216 |
| League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations 217 |
| Hirohito | Emperor of Japan that won popular support for the army leaders that ruled in his name 218 |
| Manchuria | China's northeast province that had many resources like coal and iron 219 |
| Haile Selassie | the Ethiopian leader that went to the League of Nations when his country was being taken over by Italian forces 220 |
| Suez Canal | British controlled canal that the Italians used to transport their goods 221 |
| Rhineland | a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River, Hitler wanted to take it over 222 |
| appeasement | giving into an aggressor to keep the peace 223 |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | Agreement made in October 1936 between Hitler and Mussolini which created an alliance between Germany and Italy (leading up to WWII). 224 |
| Axis Powers | What Germany, Italy, and Japan were called during WWII due to their alliance. 225 |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish general who favored a fascist-style government and was backed by Hitler and Mussolini after he revolted and sparked the Spanish Civil War. 226 |
| Nationalists (Spain) | Franco's forces who supported fascism during the Spanish Civil War. 227 |
| Republicans (Spain) | Supporters of Spain's elected government who opposed Franco in the Spanish Civil War. 228 |
| isolationism | The belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided (many Americans supported this belief before/during WWII). 229 |
| Neutrality Acts | Laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1935 that banned loans and the sale of arms to nations at war. 230 |
| Third Reich | Term Hitler used to call the empire he was building during WWII (means German Empire). 231 |
| Anschluss | The union between Austria and Germany. 232 |
| Sudetenland | The regions of Czechoslovakia that were populated by about three million German-speaking people. Hitler demanded it should be given to Germany in September 1938. 233 |
| Munich Conference | Meeting held on September 29, 1938 between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy to discuss annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany which they ended up agreeing to. 234 |
| Neville Chamberlain | The British prime minister who is known for giving into Hitler's demands for annexing the Sudetenland during the Munich Conference, and he was later voted out of office. 235 |
| Winston Churchill | British prime minister that succeeded Neville Chamberlain and kept this position throughout WWII. 236 |
| Nonaggression Pact | Agreement of peace signed on August 23, 1939 between Stalin's Communist Russia and Hitler's Fascist Germany (later broken by Hitler). 237 |
| Polish Corridor | Area of land that Hitler demanded be returned to Germany because it had been cut out by Allies to give Poland access to the sea. 238 |
| Nonagression pact | Agreement of peace signed on August 23, 1939 between Hitler's Fascist Germany and Stalin's Communist Russia (later broken by Hitler). 239 |
| September 1, 1939 | The date in which Nazi Germany invaded Poland. 240 |
| blitzkrieg | This term describes Germany's plan for invading countries in World War II. Germany would first bomb the country, then send tanks in, and then send infantry in. This was called Hitler's lightning war. 241 |
| Maginot Line | This was the border between France and Germany which had a large wall and complex tunnel system under it. 242 |
| sitzkrieg | This is the German way of saying the Phony War. After Poland was invaded by the Nazi's and France declared war on Germany, they lined up their soldiers on the Maginot Line. Germany lined up their soldiers as well. Nobody wanted to make the first move and they just looked at each other. 243 |
| The Ardennes | This is an extensive are of forestry in Belgium and France in which the Maginot Line does not cover. Germany moved their forces through here in World War II in order to invade France. 244 |
| Dunkirk | This is the place where the French and Allies fled to as Germany invaded France. With their backs to the water, Germany attacked and Britain sent as many vessels as they could in order to save the allies. 245 |
| Philippe Petain | This person took over the puppet government that Hitler set up in Vichy France. 246 |
| Vichy | This southern portion of France and their puppet government in World War II was named after this city. 247 |
| Charles de Gaulle | A French general who became the head of their government-in-exile in London, as well as organizing the Free French. 248 |
| Free French | Military force created by Charles de Gaulle that focused on liberating France from Nazi control. 249 |
| Winston Churchill | Prime minister of Britain durring World War II. 250 |
| Royal Air Force (RAF) | Airplane-centered branch of the British military. 251 |
| Luftwaffe | German air force. 252 |
| Battle of Britain | Military conflict between Germany and Great Britain on British territory that continued for months until Hitler called an end to the "invasion". 253 |
| Afrika Korps | A strong German tank force headed by Erwin Rommel sent to aid Mussolini's invasion of Egypt. 254 |
| Erwin Rommel | Leader of the Afrika Korps. 255 |
| Operation Barbarossa | Code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union. 256 |
| scorched earth policy | Tactic of destroying everything in an opponent's path, including crops and livestock so the enemy will have no food or resources. 257 |
| Battle of Leningrad | Conflict between Germany and USSR when Germany layed siege to the city of Leningrad. 258 |
| Battle of Moscow | Battle between Germany and USSR when Germany attacked the Russian capital. 259 |
| Neutrality Acts | Series of acts passed by congress to keep the U.S. neutral durring World War II. 260 |
| Cash-and-carry | Term that explains how the Allies would obtain arms from the U.S. 261 |
| Lend-Lease Act | Act passed by congress that stated that the President could lend or lease arms to any nation vital to the US. 262 |
| Franklin Roosevelt | President of the US durring World War II. 263 |
| Atlantic Charter | Agreement between Churchill and roosevelt that would serve as the Allies peace plan at the end of World War II. 264 |
| Isoroku Yamamoto | Japanese admiral who ordered attack on Pearl Harbor. 265 |
| Peral Harbor | This American naval base was stationed in Hawaii. In 1941, the japanese sent a large air force and bombed the Americans. Over 2,300 men were killed in this action. 266 |
| December 7, 1941 | This is the date that the Japanese launched a bombing raid on Pearl Harbor 267 |
| "A date which will live in infamy" | This quote, issued by President Roosevelt, described the bombing of Pearl Harbor. 268 |
| Bataan Death March | This death march of over 70,000 allied prisoners of war was a blow to the allied forces in the pacific. Over 16,000 of the POWs died on this march. 269 |
| Lt. Colonel Doolittle | He was in charge of the bombers sent out to raid Japan. This was in response to the tragedy at Pearl Harbor. 270 |
| Battle of the Coral Sea | This new style of battle took place at open water. The aircraft carriers would send out their own planes to destroy the other ships. The ships often could not see the other ships when using this technique. 271 |
| Chester Nimitz | This admiral of the U.S pacific fleet was responsible for taking out much of the Japanese fleet in the Battle of Midway. 272 |
| Battle of Midway | This allied victory showed that the Japanese could be stopped. This was a turning point in WWII and the allied forces later went on the offensive 273 |
| Douglas MacArthur | This man was the commander of the army in the pacific in WWII. He came up with the "island hop" method which helped the allies win the war in the pacific. 274 |
| "Island-hop" | This method was used by the allies to defeat the Japanese. The plan would be for the allies to invade Japanese occupied lands and cut them off from the mainland. This would force the island to fall 275 |
| Battle of Guadalcanal | This island was referred to "Hell" by the allies. The conditions were awful and the battle dragged on. 24,000 of 36,000 Japanese died fighting. The Americans also gained a huge advantage by securing the airfield 276 |
| Aryans | This was Hitlers perfect race. They were of German decent and fit all German standards 277 |
| "Master race" | This term refered to Germans that believed they were above everyone else. The German thought of themselves to be this term. 278 |
| Holocaust | This tragic event was the extermination of millions of jews and "sub-humans" as judged by the Germans. There were over 11 million victims. 279 |
| Nuremburg Laws | These sets of laws were set up to take away jewish peoples' rights. They also forbade non-jews to marry jews. 280 |
| Kristallnacht | Meaning "the night of broken glass", this event lead to the mistreatment of jews after the shooting of a German diplomat in Paris 281 |
| Ghettos | Jews and other impure groups were moved to very poor parts of town during the Holocaust. They were locked in and kept there. The conditions were very poor and many died. A famous on was in Warsaw, Poland 282 |
| Final Solution | This was Hitler's plan to move all the jews out and send them to concentration camps. From there, they would be killed in masses or worked to death 283 |
| Genocide | The systematic killing of an entire people 284 |
| Concentration Camps | Slave-labor prisons where he Nazis of Germany put "subhumans" in to die 285 |
| Auschwitz | The largest of the Concentration camps. 286 |
| Bernard Montgomery | British commander of troops in North Africa after the fall of Tobruk, Italy 287 |
| El Alamien | City in Egypt that was the sight of a battle in North Africa between British and German forces 288 |
| Operation Torch | The Allied invasion of French North Africa in an attempt to trap the Africa Korps between Montgomerys' and Eisenhowers' forces during WWII 289 |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | American general who led the force that crushed Rommel's Africa Korps and was known for his people skills. 290 |
| Battle of Stalingrad | The battle which pushed Germany onto the defensive in the USSR in World War II and some 90,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Soviets 291 |
| Japanese Internment | The roundup of Japanese during WWII and relocation of the Japanese into relocation camps 292 |
| D-Day | The largest land and sea battle in history in which the Allies stormed the beaches of Normandy 293 |
| Normandy | The place in which D-Day took place on a 60-mile stretch of beach 294 |
| Battle of the Bulge | The battle in which German forces pushed through American defenses along a 75-mile front in the Ardennes and the Germans were pushed back 295 |
| V-E Day | The day in which the surrender of Germany was officially signed in Berlin 296 |
| Battle of Leyte Gulf | The battle in which the Japanese fleet of ships lost disastrously and General Douglas MacArthur stated "People of the Philippines, I have returned." 297 |
| kamikazes | Japanese suicide pilots 298 |
| Iwo Jima | Battle in March 1945 that had some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific Campaign in World War with heavy losses on both sides and is immortalized by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the U.S flag being raised on top of Mount Suribachi bu U.S. soldiers 299 |
| Okinawa | An island 350 miles from Japan and where U.S. troops reached despite desperating fighting from the Japanese on April 1, 1945 300 |
| Harry S. Truman | Franklin Delano Roosevelt's successor as president and whom made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki near the end of World War II. 301 |
| A-Bomb | Powerful weapon used on Japan by Truman to end World War II. It was developed by the Manhattan Project. 302 |
| Manhattan Project | Top-secret operation that created the atomic bomb during World War II. This program was headed by General Leslie Groves and chief scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer 303 |
| Hiroshima | The first Japanese city that the United States dropped an atomic bomb on in 1945. 304 |
| Nagasaki | The second Japanese city that the United States dropped an atomic bomb on to end World War II. 305 |
| USS Missouri | The U.S. battleship where the Japanese officially surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur. 306 |
| Nuremberg Trials | A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes. 307 |
| Heinrich Himmler | The SS chief who committed suicide before the Nuremberg Trials 308 |
| Joseph Goebbels | The Nazi Minister of Propaganda who committed suicide before the Nuremberg Trials. 309 |
| Hermann Goring | The commander of the German Luftwaffe during World War II that committed suicide before he was executed in the Nuremberg Trials 310 |
| Dachau | The concentration camp where the bodies of executed Nazis were burned. 311 |
| Douglas MacArthur | The U.S. general who accepted the Japanese surrender for World War II and took charge of the United States' occupation of Japan after World War II. 312 |
| Demilitarization | A reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting from acquiring weapons, such as with Japan after World War II. 313 |
| Hideki Tojo | One of seven surviving defendants and former Premier who was hanged for war crimes after World War II. 314 |
| democratization | The process of creating a government elected by the people, as was done in Japan. 315 |
| Diet | A two-house parliament elected by the Japanese people after World War II. 316 |
| Article 9 | A provision in the Japanese constitution that denied Japan from waging war, and only allowing them to fight if they were attacked. 317 |
| Cold War | The state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II. 318 |
| Yalta Conference | The meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union where they agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation that would be controlled by the Allied military forces. 319 |
| United Nations | An international organization that was intended to protect its members against aggression. Originally had 50 countries in the organization. 320 |
| General Assembly | a large body of the UN were each member nation could cast its vote on a broad range of issues. 321 |
| Security Council | an 11 -member body, who had the real power to investigate and settle disputes. though five permanent members were Britain, China, france, and the U.S. 322 |
| Potsdam Conference | Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met in this city in Germany and Truman pressed Stalin to permit free elections in Eastern Europe which stalin later refused. 323 |
| Iron Curtain | Churchill's phrase to represent Europe's division into mostly democratic Western Europe and Communist Eastern Europe. 324 |
| Containment | a polic directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. 325 |
| Truman Doctrine | Truman's support for countries that rejected communism was called this 326 |
| Marshall Plan | United states would provide aid to needy european countries like food, machinery, and other materials. 327 |
| George Marshall | this man orchestrated a plan for the U.S. to send materials to needy European countries 328 |
| Berlin Airlift | Allied Planes took off and landed every three minutes in west berlin.on 278,000 flights pilots brought in 2.3 toms of food, fuel, medicine, and even christmas gifts. 329 |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | The U.S., Canada, and ten western european countries formed a defensive military alliance 330 |
| Warsaw Pact | the soviet Union saw NATO as a threat and created its own alliance with east germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania 331 |
| Warsaw Pact | The Soviet Union saw the newly formed group called NATO as a threat and created its own alliance with East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. 331 |
| Berlin Wall | A wall built by the Germans during the Cold War to separate east and west Berlin to symbolize a world divided by rival camps. 332 |
| Hydrogen Bomb | This bomb nicknamed the H-bomb was 1,000 times more powerful than the A-bomb and was built right after WWII. This bomb used energy from fusion instead of fission. 333 |
| John Foster Dulles | The man Eisenhower appointed as his Secretary of Sate who was willing to start war with the Soviet Union. 334 |
| Brinksmanship | Willingness to go to the brink of war which required nuclear bombs and airplanes. 335 |
| Intercontinental Ballistic Missile | A rocket developed after WWII that could travel great distances and was used to put Sputnik into orbit. 336 |
| Sputnik | The first unmanned satellite to be launched above earth's atmosphere. 337 |
| U-S spy plan incident | During the Cold War, the Soviets rejected the Eisenhower plan and when the CIA launched a U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union it was shot down. The pilot and plane were captured and the tensions increased. 338 |
| Israel | The Jews have made claim to this land for over 3,000 years. The Palestinians claim that this is their land because the Jews were driven out. The Arabs also stake claim to this land. 339 |
| Palestine | Now consists of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. 340 |
| Diaspora | Global dispersal of the Jews after being forced out of Palestine in the 2nd century. 341 |
| Zionists | People who favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine 342 |
| Arthur Balfour | Man who promoted the idea of creating a Jewish national homeland in Palestine while protecting "rights of existing non-Jewish communities." 344 |
| Balfour Declaration | Idea of creating a Jewish national homeland in Palestine while protecting the rights of non-Jewish communities. 345 |
| Suez Crisis | When Egypt took control of the canal, the British made and agreement to take it back. Pressure from the rest of the world forced Europeans out and leaving control to the Egyptians. 346 |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Egyptian president that sent in troops to take the Suez Canal which was controlled by the British during the Cold War. 347 |
| Six Day War | Arabs were prepared to attack, so the Israelis struck airfields in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Cold War. 349 |
| Anwar Sadat | Nasser's successor who planned a joint Arab attack on the date of Yom Kippur in 1973. 350 |
| Golda Meir | The Iraelis prime minister, who launched a counterattack and regained most of the lost territory. 351 |
| Yom Kippur War | Arab forces inflicted heavy casualties against Israel, on the holiest of Jewish holidays, and recaptured some of the territories lost in 1967. 352 |
| West Bank | The Israelis had seized much of that land including ____ and Gaza Strip. 353 |
| Gaza Strip | The Israelis seized much of that land including the West Bank and ______. 354 |
| Palestine Liberation Organization | Formed by the Palestanian officials to push for information of a Palestanian state. 355 |
| Yasir Arafat | Became chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO) in 1969 which carried out numerous attacks against Israel during the 1960s and 70s. 356 |
| Jimmy Carter | U.S. President who helped establish peace in 1978 by inviting Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp David that ended in the Camp David Accords agreement 357 |
| Menachem Begin | Israeli prime minister during the Arab-Israel conflicts. 358 |
| Camp David | presidential retreat in Maryland which is isolated from the press 359 |
| Camp David Accords | The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country signed in 1979 ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel 360 |
| Hosni Mubarak | Egypt's new leader who has worked to maintain peace with Israel 361 |
| intifada | "uprising" used to name the Palestinian widespread campaign of civil disobedience which involved boycotts, demonstrations, and attacks on Israeli soldiers that began in 1987 362 |
| Oslo Peace Accords(Declaration of Principles) | Agreement signed on September 13, 1993 in which Israe,l under leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, agreed to grant the Palestinians self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank 363 |
| Yitzhak Rabin | Prime Minister of Israel who signed the Oslo Peace Accords and was assassinated in 1995 by a Jewish extremist 364 |
| Benjamin Netanyahu | Prime Minister who succeeded Rabin and had opposed the Oslo Peace Accords but made efforts to keep the agreement 365 |
| Ehud Barak | Elected as Israeli prime minister in 1999 who had been a stronger supporter of the peace plan between Irael and the Palestinians than Netanyahu that the world community was determined to take advantage of 366 |
| Bill Clinton | U.S. president who hosted a 15-day summit meeting in 2000 at Camp David between Ehud Barak and Yasir Arafat that led to a stall in the peace plan 367 |
| Ariel Sharon | Israeli political leader whose visit to the Temple Mount outraged Palestinians and caused a second intifada to break out 368 |
| Temple Mount | A Jewish holy place in in Jerusalem as well as the location of one of the most holy places for Muslims, the Dome of the Rock 369 |
| Dome of the Rock | One of the most holy places for Muslims which also has its location at the Temple Mount, which is a holy place for jews 370 |
| Mahmoud Abbas | A high-ranking PLO official who was the first-ever prime minister and was appointed by Palestinian leaders in 2003 371 |
| "road map to peace" | A new peace plan that U.S. president George W. Bush brought Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas together to work on 372 |
| Suez Crisis | Egypt took control of the Suez Canal, the British made an agreement to retake the canal. However, pressure from the world community froced Israel and and the Europeans to withdraw from Egypt. Leaving the Suez Canal in Egypts control. 446 |
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