Bio Exam Concept Questions
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Condensation | reaction in which two molecules are joined and water is removed |
| Hydrolysis | reaction in which water is added to separate molecules |
| Carbohydrate | biological molecule that has a ratio of 1:2:1 of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen; can be simple with monosaccharide (one sugar) or disaccharide (two sugars), can be complex (polysaccharide) with energy storage and structural |
| Lipids | biological molecule that are long hydrocarbon chains used to make plasma membrane for cells (phospholipids) and to store energy (triglycerides. they can be saturated, with no carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated, with one double bond; or polyunsaturated, with multiple double bonds |
| Proteins | biological molecule that are building blocks of life and act as biological catalysts called enzymes. they are long amino acid chains that fold on one another |
| membrane structure | phospholipid bilayer (liquid) with hydrophic tail (hates water) on inside (so water can't touch it) and hydrophilic head (loves water) on the outside |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane |
| passive transport | membrane-bound proteins act as gates that allow molecules, that can normally not pass through the membrane, go in to out of the cell using no energy |
| active transport | membrane-bound proteins use energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient, they are moved from low concentration to high concentration |
| active site | area where enzyme works on substrate |
| thermodynamics | 1. energy can neither be created nor destroyed 2. with each transfer of energy, some is lost as low quality energy (heat) 3. entropy is that the measure of disorder is always increasing because more and more energy is being lost as heat |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | energy of position, and everything has potential energy |
| respiration | harvesting energy to make ATP, 2 types: aerobic (oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) |
| photosynthesis | using light to harvest energy, light is converted to energy in chloroplasts |
| mitosis | process of division of cell's nucleus so that each resulting "daughter cell" will have a full complement of genetic material, asexual reproduction |
| meiosis | 2 mitotic-like divisions of cell's nucleus so that each resulting cell will have half of the complement of genetic material; forms gamete cells that are used for sexual reproduction because two haploid cells will come together and form a diploid one |
| DNA | 2-stranded sequence of nucleotides that has the genetic code on it |
| Genes | section of DNA that codes for specific traits |
| Diploid | adjective that describes a cell with a full complement of genetic material |
| Haploid | adjective that describes a cell with half of a complement of genetic material; used for sexual reproduction |
| Incomplete Dominance | presence of one gene doesn't fully mask the effects of the other |
| Co-Dominance | both genes are fully expressed in order to create a unique genotype |
| Pleiotropy | one gene controls expression of a seemingly unrelated phenotype |
| Linkage | genes that are on the same chromosome sort with one another |
| DNA Structure | Purines (adenine and guanine=2 carbon rings) pair with Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine=3 carbon rings); adenine pairs with thymine using 2 hydrogen bonds, guanine pairs with cytosine using 3 hydrogen bonds |
| Hydrogen Bond | weak attraction between a polar covalently bound hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom involved in a separate bonding relationship. it;s not actually a bond because there is no exchange of electrons |
| DNA replication | helicase enzyme unwinds DNA and polymerase enzyme complements new nucleotides to those that are exposed; polymerase works only in one direction, so, on the lagging strand, okasaki fragments are formed and then bound using ligase enzymes; thus, each strand becomes a new DNA |
| Protein Synthesis | process of creating proteins; has two parts: transcription and translation |
| Transcription | making a single-strand copy of DNA called mRNA (messenger) |
| Translation | mRNA is fed into ribosome where codons are read by tRNA which sequences amino acids into polypeptide chains, which then fold into proteins |
| Hardy Weinberg Theory | theory that proves how evolution will always occur because the circumstances are impossible to achieve; all circumstances will always occur |
| Hardy Weinberg Circumstances/Violations | large population, no mutations, no gene flow, no differential fitness, random mating |
| Cladistics | how one represents relations between species using charts, called clades |
| ecology | organisms have roles in ecosystem called niches; because every species has a niche, all organisms are important; two types of niches: fundamental and realized |
| Fundamental Niche | possible interactions an organism can have in an ecosystem |
| Realized Niche | actual interactions organisms have in ecosystems |
| Genophore | kind of like prokaryotic equivalent of chromosomes?; where the prokaryotic genome is held, has DNA loop (holds main genes), has plasmids (code for specific traits |
| Conjugation | prokaryotic sexual reproduction; two bacteria come together, swap plasmids, then separate |
| Fission | prokaryotic asexual reproduction; replicate genophore, then split into two cells |
| Protists | very diverse form of life, also the leftovers that don't belong in any other kingdoms; have organelles, but not differentiated |
| Cell Cycle | first stage is interphase (G1, S, G3); second stage is mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase; then cytokinesis (splitting of cytoplasm) |
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