Forensics Chapter 3
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EmilyStudies1 on June 2, 2012
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Physical Evidence
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16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Requirements of physical evidence | recognized as potential evidence, collected in an appropriate manner, preserved properly for transmittal to laboratory |
| Biological | ex. blood, semen, saliva. must be present in a form suggesting a relation to the crime |
| Identification | the determination of the physical or chemical identity of a substance with as near absolute certainty as existing analytical techniques will permit |
| Identification requirements | testing procedures that give characteristic results, repeatability, specificity, |
| Comparison analysis | subjects a suspect specimen and a standard/reference specimen to the same tests and examinations for the ultimate purpose of determining whether or not they have a common origin |
| Evidential value | the worth of the physical evidence in a court of law, relies on probability |
| Individual Characteristics | evidence that can be associated to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability (ex- fingerprints, DNA) |
| Class Characteristics | when it can be associated only with a group and never with a single source, narrows an identity to a group of persons or things |
| Product Rule | used to get a probability for comparison analysis |
| Probative value | the value of physical evidence in proving or disproving the hypothesis |
| Uses of physical evidence | establish a link according to Locard's Exchange Principle, provide investigative leads, provide visible facts to jury, reconstruction of the crime scene |
| Linkage Triangle | Victim, Suspect, Scene |
| Persistence of transfer evidence depends on: | nature of evidence, location of evidence, environment around evidence, time from transfer to collection, "activity" of or around the evidence location |
| national fingerprint and criminal history system | IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System) |
| enabled federal, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles | Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) |
| crime scene reconstruction | the method used to support a likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence, as well as statements made by those involved with the incident |
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