MCB2010 Test 2
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sgoingundern on June 2, 2012
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Valentine Negrouk MDC MicroBio Test 2
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gene | The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity; It is because a gene is a segment of DNA (on a specific site on a chromosome) that is responsible for the physical and inheritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism. |
| Transcription | DNA to RNA |
| Translation | RNA to Protein; mRNA, tRNA, riboRNA together. |
| Replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division |
| Complementary | An adjective used to describe two bases that always pair up together (e.g. A and T, C and G) |
| DNA vs RNA | RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine like DNA, RNA is single-stranded rather than double-stranded like DNA, RNA is smaller than DNA |
| DNA Backbone | nucleotides covalently bond to form a sugar-phosphate linkage; have a 5' carbon and a 3' carbon |
| DNA Strands | - DNA is made up of two antiparallel strands joined by H-bond |
| DNA Components | a nitrogenous base, a penose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group |
| DNA | Harddrive of any system. |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| RNA Polymerase | an enzyme that pries the 2 strands of DNA apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides as they base pair along the DNA template |
| Primary Structure | the simplest of protein structures, the unique sequencing of amino acids |
| DNA Ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain |
| Restriction Enzyme | enzyme that cuts sugar-phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone at specific points within particular nucleotide sequences in DNA |
| tRNA | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| mRNA | the template for protein synthesis |
| rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA. |
| Nucleotide Sequencing | 5' -> 3' |
| Polypeptide | a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids |
| Start Codon | AUG- as well as the codon for the amino acid methionine (therefore all proteins start with the amino acid methionine.) |
| Stop Codons | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| Bacterial Cells | Optimal conditions of 37 degrees celsius divide fast every 20 minutes. |
| Coding Regions | sequences of DNA that serve as instructions for making proteins |
| Spacers | DNA Sequences not of importance. |
| Mutagenesis | Chemicals or radiation: used to create base pair substitutions or deletions. Technical details: expose mother to chemical/radiation-see what happens. Requires generating and screening a lot of organisms/phenotypes. Imperfect and random. Better techniques developed. |
| Recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. |
| Prokaryotic DNA | simple; 1 chromosome; circular dna attached at both ends found in cytosol. |
| Eukaryotic DNA | linear strands of DNA inside nucleus. |
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