Bio 2 Spring Final exam
Order by
265 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 At 1000 years per half life; 2 half lives are ? | 2000 years |
| 52% Radioactiity in a bone suggests that? how many half lives? | 2 half lives |
| 75% Radioactiity in a bone suggests that? how many half lives? | One half life |
| 26% Radioactiity in a bone suggests that? how many half lives? | three half lives |
| Coevolution | two or more interdependent species, each adapting to changes in the other |
| Convergent Evolution | organisms have some body parts used for the same purpose and can be similar in construction but not from common ancestor |
| Dolphins and shark look alike | Convergent Evolution |
| Pangaea | the super continent but then split so all the animals plants |
| Cambrian explosion | rapid diversification of most major animal groups during the Paleozoic period |
| "A" blood cell | Has B antibodies |
| "B" blood cell | has A antibodies |
| "O" blood cell | has A and B antibodies |
| "AB" blood cell | has no Antibodies |
| The universal receiver blood | AB blood |
| The universal donor blood | O blood |
| Clumps | If you donate A blood to a person with O blood |
| No Clumping | If you donate A blood to a person with AB blood |
| Codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed | Codominance |
| Polygenic traits | traits controlled by two or more genes |
| describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes | Polygenic |
| Sex-linked | inheritance controlled by a gene on the X chromosome |
| Downs Syndrome- | an extra chromosome 21 |
| R- rough shaped bacteria- lived | did not kill mice |
| Mice died | dead S and live R are injected into mice |
| mRNA | A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA. |
| PGLO | small piece of circular DNA that's easily transferred between bacteria |
| Primates | opposable thumbs, flatter faces, and very social |
| Homo habalis | Fill in_______?? Homo erectus, Homo Neanderthal, and Homo sapien |
| Foramen magnum | where the skull is attached to the spine |
| FSH-female | stimulates the follicle to grow to a egg |
| FSH-male | stimulates the sperm to develop |
| FSH-both | Stimulates follicle development of ovaries and development of sperm cells |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone, ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males. |
| Day 14 peak | LH |
| GnRH | (from the hypothalamus) stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH |
| Birth control pills | works by tricking your body into thinking it's pregnant so it does not release an egg |
| testosterone | stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
| gpbox | at 7 weeks this X chromosome gene turns on to make gonads into ovaries |
| sry GENE | at 7 weeks this Y chromosome gene turns on to make gonads into testes |
| Wolfian ducts | SRY makes into the vas deferens |
| Mullerian ducts | GPbox makes these into oviducts |
| AUG (mRNA)-read chart | makes Meth |
| ACU (mRNA)-read chart | THR |
| GAG (mRNA)-read chart | GLU |
| GAC | ASP |
| The origin of mutlicellular life | Big gulp or endosymbiotic theory |
| first organisms | simple bacteria 3.5 billion years ago |
| Oxygen levels =20% | 2.5 billion years ago |
| Age of mammals | 60 million years ago |
| Cambrian explosion | 600million years ago |
| Five | mass extinctions |
| flip 2 coins- prob of all heads | 25% |
| flip 2 coins- prob of heads and tails | 50% |
| flip 3 coins- prob of all heads | 12.5% |
| 25% | Probabiltiy of 2 boys in 1 family |
| 50% | Probability of getting a girl |
| If Diploid cells have 8 chromosomes | eggs have 4 chromosomes |
| If an sperm has 10 chromosomes | the regular cell has 20 chromosomes |
| Nitrogen base | What is missing in DNA? deoxyribose + phosphate group +--------- |
| phosphate | What is missing in DNA? deoxyribose + Adenine + --------- |
| uracil | found in RNA |
| implantation | egg sticks to uterus wall |
| nonsense mutations | mutations that change an amino acid to a stop codon are considered |
| Prophase 1 | When a tetrad forms |
| Synapsis | The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
| Metaphase 1 | Separation of tetrads in meiosis |
| Telophase 1 | 2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair. |
| Telophase 2 | chromosomes are single stranded, end up with 4 new cells, cells are Haploid (hybrid), genetically different, nucleus DOES reappear. |
| crossing-over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Ardipithecus | Earliest human ancestor found so far. Mosiac 4-5 mya |
| epididymis | structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored |
| seminal vesicles | produces seminal fluid |
| prostate | found under the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra, makes fluid |
| urethra | tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body |
| tube through which semen is released from the body | urethra |
| vas deferns | tube that conveys sperm between the epididymis and the urethra |
| neurulation | formation of the neural tube and the nervous system |
| gastrulation | process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed within the cavity of a blastocyst |
| blastocyst | stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells |
| differentiation | Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function. |
| Endoderm | the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems |
| Ectoderm | the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue |
| Mesoderm | the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue |
| negative-feedback | feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input |
| aboreal life: | living in trees, the type of life primates are adapted for |
| adaptive radiation: | process where related species that exist in different habitats will have parallel evolution and adapt to that environment |
| Alleles: | Alternative form that a gene may have for a trait. |
| analogous structure- | a similar structure but are not inherited from a common ancestor ---> wings of bat, butterfly and bird |
| Analogous Structures: | A structure that has the same function but a different construction and was not inherited from a common ancestor. Note bird wings are analogous to bat wings |
| AND rule probability: | MULTIPLY. If Heads and Tails (1/2 multiplied by ½) |
| Antibodies | Surface proteins produced by B lymphocytes that specifically react with foreign antigens. |
| Antigens | Substances foreign to the body that cause immune responses; they can bind to antibodies or T cells; found in the serum. |
| Artificial selection | is the alteration of genetic code by artificial means, and is therefore different from traditional selective breeding. |
| Australopithecus: | lived throughout eastern and northern Africa 3-3.9 mya |
| Autosomes | the 44 non sex chromosomes |
| bacteriophage | is a small virus that infects bacteria. |
| Big gulp: | The idea that mitchondria have their own DNA and are part of the endosymbiosis idea. |
| Blastula: | Early stage in the development of a fertilized egg, when the egg changes from a solid mass of cells (the morula) to a hollow ball of cells (the blastula), containing a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel). |
| Blended Trait = | When more than one trait is expressed at the same time (ex: red + white = pink) |
| Blood Types- | 4 kinds: Type A, Type B, Type AB and Type O; can be determined by the parents gametes (punnett squares) |
| Broca's Area: | The part of the brain that is important for the production of speech. |
| Chi Squared Test: | A test used to determine if results are random. |
| Chi2 test | is used to compare observed/expected-Does your data support the hypothesis is the value less than the # in the table-if it is to the left- you have good data that supports your hypothesis. If is to the right, the data is random and does not support your experiment's hypothesis. |
| Codominant Genes: | No dominant allele, but both alleles are expressed. |
| Codon | a sequence of 3 nucleotides that tell the genetic code that says when to add an amino acid |
| Complimentary pieces of DNA- | the strand that comes with one strand of DNA |
| Dad's give | either the X or Y, |
| Darwin's main points (5) | were Individuals vary, variation is inherited, more offspring are produced than can survive, mate choice is not random, and survival is not random. |
| Deletion mutation: | The loss of a nucleotide. An example would be ATATGC change to AATGC. The first T was lost/ removed. |
| Diploid: | A cell that contains 2N number of chromsomes. |
| It is twice the number of haploid chromosomes | Diploid: |
| Directional selection | increases expression of extreme versions of traits in a population. |
| Disruptive selection | favors those at both ends of the distribution. |
| DNA: | is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. |
| The genetic material found in all living | DNA |
| Dominance: | Strong traits that are always expressed. |
| Dominant Genes: | the gene that appears in the F1 generation. It's characteristics and features are stronger than the other gene. |
| Electrophoresis: | a process of separating chunks of DNA in order to make a genetic "map" and to be able to compare it with other DNA. |
| Embryo | the earliest form of development, from the first cell division to, until birth. |
| Evolution-- | Hereditary changes in groups of living organisms over time. |
| Exons | In RNA processing, it is the coding sequence that remains in the final mRNA. |
| Extinction: | is the cessation of existence of a species. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance. Extinction allows for the survival of other species. |
| F1: | the first generation of offspring after the parent generation (first folial generation) |
| F2: | the second generation, the resulting offspring after the F1 generation has self-fertilized. |
| FEMALE= | XX |
| fertilization: | process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosome from the male parent. |
| Fetus | a developing mammal. At this stage the mayor structures have forms, lasts until birth |
| Fetus: | an unborn or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind; a developing human from usually two months after conception to birth |
| Foramen Magnum: | Large opening where the spinal cord is. The position of the foramen magnum in primates and in the hominids provides evidence of evolution. |
| Fossils-- | Preserved evidence of an organism, often found in sedimentary rock, that provides evidence of past life. |
| fossils are (3) used | to understand evolution because they show a change over time and we are able to map an animals progress. Fossils in layers tell us that over time there was a change, starting from older rocks to newer. |
| Frame shift mutation | This type of mutation is caused by Deletion and Insertion. When a nucleotide is added or removed, the order of the nucleotides shift causing the codons to change. For example: If ATATGC changed to AATGC, the codons would change from ATA/TGC, to AAT/GC... |
| Frame shift mutations | deletions or duplication/insertions ATATGC- becomes ATATATGTGTGC in a duplication insertion or ATATGC- becomes ATGC with a deletion |
| Gamete: | A haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg. |
| Gastrula: | An embryo at the stage following the blastula, consisting of a hollow, two-layered sac of ectoderm and endoderm surrounding an archenteron that communicates with the exterior through the blastopore. |
| Gel Electrophoresis: | Electrophoresis" refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric current, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, usually determined by mass, toward the positive anode if negatively charged or toward the negative cathode if positively charged |
| Genetic Engineering | works through a series of multiple steps: Isolation of the genes of interest , Insertion of the genes into a transfer vector , Transformation of cells of organism to be modified Separation of the genetically modified organism (GMO) from those that have not been successfully modified |
| Genetic Engineering: | Is recombinant DNA technology- it is genetic modification . |
| Genotypes = | Traits expressed in letters (ex: Aa or AABb) |
| Grifith studied | strands of bacteria and found that one strand could be transformed . This experiment led him to the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material. |
| A cell with N number of chromosomes. | Haploid |
| Haploid: | A set of chromosomes containing half of each pair. Sperm and egg are haploid cells contain 23 chromosomes. |
| helicase | does what? (unzip), |
| Hershy and Chase: | The Hershey-Chase experiment was a series of experiments, conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. It identified DNA to be the genetic material of all organisms. Before this experiment was conducted, it was suspected that proteins were the genetic material in viruses, not DNA. |
| Heterozygous: | two different alleles for one specific trait. |
| hominid: | includes humans and several extinct species related to humans, diverged from common ancestor 5-8 MYA |
| Homo Habilis: | possibly the first species of human-like mammals to appear2.2-1.6 mya |
| Homo Neanderthal: | inhabited parts of europe and asia about lived from about 350,000 to 30,000 years ago |
| homologous structure- | a similar structure inherited from a common ancestor |
| Homologous Structures: | Anatomically similar structure that is inherited from a common ancestor. |
| Homozygous: | two of the same allele for one specific trait. |
| If the DNA code isTTTAAA | the RNA-UUUAAA |
| Incomplete Dominance: | a heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of two homozygous parents (offspring of a red flower and a white flower is 1:2:1 ratio 1=red 2=pink 1=whiteïƒ pink is intermediate offspring) |
| Independent assortment: | Genes on different chromosomes do not interact. |
| Insertion: | A mutation where a nucleotide is added to a sequence. |
| Introns: | In RNA processing, it is the intervening coding sequence missing from the final Mrna |
| Karyotype : | A karyotype is a micrograph that shows pairs of homologous chromosomes arranged in decreasing size (normal karyotype had 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome). |
| Lamarck's idea | was that of inheritance of acquired characteristics. The basis of his arguments was that not everyone is good at everything and if you don't use it, you use it. If you use something a lot, your children will inherit it. It was not very useful because his arguments didn't deal with the genetic component. |
| ligase | does what? (glue). |
| Malthus Idea's: | Believed that human population, if unchecked, would eventually outgrow its food supply, leading to a competitive struggle for existence. His idea's helped Darwin realize that it could be useful in natural world. |
| Meiosis changes what? | We go from diploid to haploid through meiosis. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries the genetic blueprint copied from the sequence of bases in a cell's DNA to the ribosome |
| Miller and Urey were | the first people to show that simple organic molecules could be made from inorganic compounds. They proved the primordial soup hypothesis |
| Mitochondrial DNA: | Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited from the mother which suggests that H. sapiens emerged from Africa 200,00 years ago from a hypothetical "Mitochondrial Eve." |
| Mitochondrial Eve: | mother of all humanity who lived in Africa 200 thousand years ago, theory supported by evidence from mitochondrial DNA |
| multiregional hypothesis: | modern humans originated separately in Asia, Europe, and Africa |
| mutation is | a permanent change occurs in cells DNA, altered amnio acid. |
| Natural Selection: | the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common |
| OR rule probability: | then ADD the probabilities (HT or TH) |
| Out of Africa hypothesis: | modern humans originated only in Africa and spread into Europe and Asia replacing the Homo species there |
| oviduct: | tube that transports an egg released from an ovary to the uterus |
| P: | parent generation |
| Pangea is | , the land continents started being formed together, but then split into respective continents taking plants and animals with them. This lead to the adaptive radiation we see in different species across the globe. |
| Phenotype: | an observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allelic pair. |
| placenta: | in mos mammals, the specialized organ that provides food and oxygen to the developing young and removes their waste |
| plasmid is an | an extra-chromosomal element, often a circular DNA. |
| point mutation is | when 1 nucleotide is changed-ATATGC-becomes ATTTGC |
| Point mutation: | When a base in the sequence is exchanged with another. This is like substitution. |
| Polygenetic traits: | multiple alleles involved in one specific trait. |
| polymerase | does what? (brings new), |
| primates- | a mammal with a highly developed brain, feet and hands, hair, live birth |
| Recessive Genes: | The trait that is hidden during the F1 generation. |
| Recessive Trait | A trait that skips a generation, must have two homozygous recessive genes to be expressed. |
| Recessive: | traits that are sometimes expressed and sometimes hidden. |
| Replication: | the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule to form two double-stranded molecules |
| Reproductive isolation | isolated and can't find each other due to Geographical/Behaviors/Mating as well as weather cues |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | is found in the cell's ribosomes, the specialized structures that are the sites of protein synthesis). |
| ... | is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide units. is usually single stranded, |
| it contains ribose | RNA: |
| Semiconservative replicaiton | 50% new DNA 50% old DNA, this process is called |
| Semiconservative replicaiton MEANS | 50% new DNA 50% old DNA, this process is called |
| some characteristics of primates | They have opposable digits, great toe or thumb, which are set apart from others. They have good vision including binocular vision. They also have the largest brains (humans have the largest of the all primates) the brain helps with communication which make primates more advanced than any other mammals. |
| Some examples of primates are: | Humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs |
| Stabilizing selection | operates to eliminate extreme expressions of a trait when average expression leads to higher fitness |
| Survival of the Fittest: | concept relating to competition for survival or predominance - the strongest survive and the weak die |
| The 4 bases of DNA | are adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. |
| The 4 bases of RNA | are adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine. |
| The Cenozoic era-- | The most recent era is the one in which mammals became the dominant land animals. |
| The plasmids have (3 parts) | An origin of replication , A selectable marker gene (e.g. resistance to ampicillin) A cloning site (a place to insert foreign DNAs) |
| They built a glass apparatus | to stimulate early earth condtitions and filled it with water and gases that they thought made up earth's early atmosphere. |
| Transcription: | the process of making a complementary copy of RNA from a DNA strand |
| mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA | Transcription: |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | found in the cytoplasm which carries amino acids to the ribosomes for incorporation into a protein. |
| Transgenetic Organism: | An organism that has had the genes of another organism implanted into it. |
| Transgenic Bacteria- | Bacteria that have been genetically engineered. |
| Translation: | Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled |
| Turner syndrome: | A person with Turner syndrome is born with only one sex chromosome, this causes underdeveloped female characteristics (people with Turner syndrome are female). |
| vestigial structure- | features of ancestors that are rarely use and become smaller over time ---> whales- pelvic bon |
| Vestigial Structures: | A reduced form of functional structure that indicates a shared ancestry. |
| Water was | boiled and electric discharges were used to stimulate lightning as an enery source. Resulting mixture contained variety of organic compounds.. |
| XY= | MALE |
| Zygote | fertilized egg |
| organisms want to be perfect | Lamarck |
| Handy man | Homo Habilis nick name |
| Upright man | Homo erectus |
| Lucy | Australopithecus Afarensis |
| Africa 2-300,000 years ago | H. sapiens emerged from a hypothetical "Mitochondrial Eve." |
| organisms want to be perfect | Lamarck |
| speciation | reproductive isolation |
| descent with modification | each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time |
| tendency toward perfect, unchanging species | Lamarck's idea |
| endosymbiotic | this thoery claims that eukaryotes originated with one species living inside another's cells |
| punctuated equilibrium | pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change |
| mass extinction | episode of great species loss |
| principle of independent assortment | genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
| principle of segregation | When gametes form, each pair of factors will separate, with one half of the gametes getting one factor and one half of the gametes getting the other factor |
| DNA replication | Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis |
| DNA translation | The ribosome interpreting the RNA message into the exact sequence of amino acids and assembling them into a protein |
| DNA transcription | the formation of an mRNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase (mRNA) |
| opposable digits | this allows animals to grasp an object in a powerful grip |
| estrogens | stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics |
| androgens | Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
| Seasonal isolation | Mate at different times-leads to speciation |
| Behavioral isolation | two organisms have different mating rituals that prevent them from interbreeding |
| Arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| Vein | a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart |
| Vena Cava | large vessels (superior and inferior) that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. |
| Right Atrium | pumps blood from vena cava into right ventricle |
| Right Ventricle | pumps blood to the lungs |
| Left Atrium | The left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins |
| Left Ventricle | the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta |
| Aorta | conducts freshly oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues. |
| Pulmonary Vein | carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
| Pulmonary Artery | carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs |
| corpus luteum | produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo |
| empty follicle day 15-25 | corpus luteum |
| slow block to poly spermy | prevents more than one spermfrom fertilizes the same egg, lifts the membrane |
| fast block to polyspermy | prevents more than one sperm from fertilizes the same egg depolarization |
| anterior pituitary gland | MAKES and secretes Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), , Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), Luteinizing hormone(LH) |
| placental | Mammal type that fully develops in uterus with umbilical cord |
| mammal | a warm-blooded vertebrate with hair or fur and females produce milk to feed their young |
| esophagus | a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
| stomach | A J-shaped, muscular pouch located in the abdomen, produces acid |
| small intestine | organ that completes the chemical digestion of food and absorbs the nutrients |
| large intestine | colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it |
| rectum | the lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored |
| gall bladder | organ that stores bile |
| pancreas | behind the stomach It produces digestive enzymes like insulin and glucagon |
| Trachea | windpipe; tube through which air moves |
| kidney | organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood |
| test cross | a genetic cross of an individual whose phenotype is dominant but whose genotype is unknown, with a homozygous recessive individual |
| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
| haplotypes | combinations of alleles (or at the sequence level, mutations) that are found together in an individual |
| restriction enzymes | enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.